Protection against environmental influence

Unit-dose and bi-dose systems are designed to deliver one or two doses into the nostril(s) (Fig. 9). As compared to multidose pump systems, unit-dose and bi-dose systems are distinguished by a different actuation principle. The dose volume is predetermined by the prefilled glass vial and sealed with a rubber stopper. The glass and rubber are the identical materials used in syringes. The benefit is an optimal protection against environmental influences. Unif-dose and bidose systems can be sterilized, and an aseptic filling procedure justifies the omission of preservatives. 

Inadequate protection against environmental influences (weld spatter, dust, swarf, temperature, electromagnetic radiation)... 

The top-coats are responsible for the durability and resistance to water and chemical impacts from the environment. Mainly acrylic and fluori-nated polymers are used for top-coats on various base coats (PVC, PUR, PTFE, silicone rubber, etc.) to enhance resistance to soiling and ageing. Certain additives for UV protection can be added. Due to its self-cleaning non-adhesive surface the top-coat is often hard and brittle. On PVC coatings the top-coat gives not only protection against environmental influences but also a barrier against emission of plasticizer out of the PVC. 

Wire bonding and the flip-chip technique are suitable for mechanically and electrically connecting the siiicon chip to the MID substrate with appropriate protection against environmental influences (Fig. 5.18). The technique of wire bonding... 

In the production mode the rotation rate of the P-CAC can be varied between 0°/h and 5000°/h. By comparison, the drivers used in the CAC units throughout the ORNL studies were only able to rotate the column between 2°/h and 1000°/h. The housing of the drive is made of stainless steel coated with polyethylene and protects the drive as well as the electronic parts against environmental influences. 

Protection of components or of the entire circuit board against environmental influences is necessary in many fields of application to ensure proper operation. For this purpose special sealants and encapsulants based on curable epoxies, acrylates, and silicons were developed. Polyurethanes and polyimides are also used as encapsulants and sealings but have only limited importance. Requirements for sealings and encapsulants are ... 

The paint manufacturer is now faced with the problem of a rough substrate which could have influence on the final appearance of the car finish. The sheet metal substrates are E-coated to protect the material against environmental influences (corrosion/acid rain resistance) and then a primer is applied to cover up unevenness of the sheet metal surface. In the case of SMC or SRIM parts the substrate is only primed to smooth the surface. Now the question is, how much does the roughness influence the appearance of the final finish and how can it be measured Therefore, we have done a case study with varying parameters - roughness, baking position, paint systems and with or without clear coat - and the results on the surface appearance were interpreted with a new, optical device for measuring the surface smoothness. 

Due to its doubled fluorine atoms, polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), is even less affected by the environment than is PVF (including its property of fire retardance) and stands between PVF and the superior chemical properties of PTFE. However, PVDF has far better mechanical properties than PTFE. It is also used as a top coat to protect PVC coatings against environmental influences. 

The main significance of waxes is that they form a hydrophobic layer on the surface of organisms. In animals these occur in the skin, hair, fur or feathers, while in plants they are found in the surface layers of leaves, fruits and other aerial (above ground) parts. They act mainly to control transpiration, preventing water loss by evaporation, and protecting the organisms against environmental influences, insects and parasites. 

It is widely known that the cosolvents influence the structural stability of proteins and alter dynamic properties of water molecules [26,39]. It is, therefore, natural that the energy flow in protein should also be strongly influenced in the mixed solvent environment. When the energy flow from the protein to the ambient solvent is investigated from the view point of the solvent structural dynamics, it is, of course, necessary to develop some theoretical framewoiks, which are able to evaluate the spatial distributions of each solvent component around the large and flexible macromolecules. For this purpose, we developed the surficial KB theory [40], and applied it to examine the role of ectoine [24], a zwitterionic CS that protects protein function against environmental stresses. 

In Germany, materials-processing plants must comply with the Federal Antipollution Law (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz, BImSchG), which in its first paragraph states (1) The aim of this law is to protect humans, animals, plants, soil, water, and air, as well as objects of cultural importance and other property, against harmful environmental influences. (2) In the case of plants that are subject to licensing, it also aims at ... 

The encapsulation of different types of fluorescent dyes gave evidence for the protection of encapsulated molecules from environmental influences by a polymeric shell. Although the particles are about 100-200nm, which means that the actual barrier created by the polymeric shell is less than 100 nm, the protection against water or oxygen is highly efficient. 

Functional testing to reveal failures during the specification, design and integration phases, and to avoid failures during validation of SRECS software and hardware. This shall include verification (e.g., by inspection or test) to assess whether the SRECS is protected against adverse environmental influences and shall be based upon the SRS. 

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