Prostate cancer grading

The prognosis for prostate cancer patients depends on the histologic grade, the tumor size, and the disease stage. More than 85% of patients with stage Aj disease but less than 1% of those with stage D2 can be cured. 

The two commonly used methods for radiation therapy are external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.26 In external-beam radiotherapy, doses of 70 to 75 Gy are delivered in 35 to 41 fractions in patient with low-grade prostate cancer and 75 to 80 Gy for those with intermediate- or high-grade prostate cancer. Brachytherapy involves the permanent implantation of radioactive beads of 145 Gy of 125I or 124 Gy of 103Pd and generally is reserved for individuals with low-risk cancers. 

Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G and Corti A. 2006. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res 66(2) 1234—1240. 

King, C. R. 2000. Patterns of prostate cancer biopsy grading Trends and clinical implications, hit. J. Cancer 90 305-311. 

Prostate Cancer 41,42, 45,44, 46,411 Progressive loss of annexins with increased histological stage. (Smitherman et al., 2004) Lehnigk et al., 2005) Annexin 1 expression reduced in prostatic adenocarcinoma and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (Kang et al., 2002 Patton et al., 2005) (Xin et al., 2003)... 

Kang, J.S., Calvo, B.F., Maygarden, S.J,. Caskey, L.S., Mohler, J.L., and D.K. Ornstein, 2002, Dysreg-ulation of annexin I protein expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 8(1) 117-23. 

Direct immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic tissue has become very popular since the development of AR antibodies. However, a disadvantage of this technique in quantitative analysis is that the intensity of the immunohistochemical stain is dependent on the intactness of the structure of the AR. Therefore, mutations or alterations in the structure may reduce staining intensity (T5). Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies of AR content in relation to grade or stage of disease, as well as prediction of response to endocrine therapy, has been inconsistent. Nearly all primary prostate cancer specimens positively express AR protein, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis as well as by immunohistochemical analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary prostate tissues (D12, H14). In advanced-stage prostate cancer, immunohistochemical techniques has shown that metastases in bone, the... 

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