Propylene sulfite

Figure 11. First cycle constant current charge/discharge curves of synthetic graphite TIMREX SFG 44 using 1 MLiCl04 in PC PS (propylene sulfite) (95 5 by volume) as electrolyte, i = +20 mA g1, cut-off = 1.8/0.025 Vvs. Li/Li+.

Sulfite compounds including ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), dimethyl sulfite (DMS), and diethyl sulfite (DES) were examined as passivation film forming agents, and their addition of 5 vol% in a PC electrolyte enabled the charge and discharge of graphite electrodes. " These compounds were reduced at about 2 V vs. LP/Li to form the passivation layers, which hindered the PC co-intercalation... 

Because of the similarity in the structures of sulfites with those of carbonates, the properties of cyclic and acyclic sulfites such as ethylene sulfite [155], propylene sulfite [156], dimethyl sulfite [157], and diethyl sulfite [157] were studied in comparison with EC, PC, DMC, and DEC as an electrolyte additive or co-solvent. Among these, ethylene sulfite (ES) is one of the practical anode SEI-forming additives [158], and dimethyl sulfite is a promising candidate as a co-solvent that improves low-temperature performance of graphite/LiCo02 cells [159]. 

Wrodnigg, G. H. Wrodnigg, T. M. Besenhard, J. O. Winter, M., Propylene sulfite as film-forming electrolyte additive in lithium ion batteries, ElectrochertL Commun. 1999, 1(3), 148-150,... 

These include chloroethylene carbonate (Cl-EC), vinylene carbonate (VC), ethylene sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), fluoroethylene sulfite (EEC), a-bromo-y-butyrolactone, methyl chloroformate, f-butylene carbonate (f-BC), and 12-crown (12-C-4). In addition to these additives, co-solvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), diethoxymethane (DEM), dimethoxymethane (DMM), and diethoxyethane (DEE) are also effective for stable SEI formation in PC-based solutions. The molecular structures of these additives and co-solvents are summarized in Figure 13. It seems that all these additives give stable SEI layers on graphite surface ... 

PC is also a very useful solvent of LIBs because of its superior ionic conductivity over a wide temperature range. However, despite the close structural similarity between EC and PC, PC cannot form as effective SEI films as EC does, for LIBs that employ graphite as negative electrodes. " To enable to use PC in these batteries, there have been a lot of efforts focusing on the identification of proper additives and/or co-solvents for PC-based electrolytes, which would help to generate an efficient SEI layer. The typical liquid additives include chloroethylene carbonate (CEC), other halogen-substituted carbonates, a variety of unsaturated carbonates such as vinylpropylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and ethylene/propylene sulfite (ES/PS). The most common co-solvents are DMC, DEC, EMC, y-butyrolactone (y-BL), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl amide (DMA), 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane (DME) and 1,2-dimethoxy-methane (DMM). To explore the role of these additives and co-solvents, it is necessary to understand their structures and some properties that may affect the SEI formation on graphite anodes. 

Catechol Carbonate Ethylene Sulfite Propylene Sulfite... 

By media variables we mean the solvent, electrolyte, and electrodes employed in electrochemical generation of excited states. The roles which these play in the emissive process have not been sufficiently investigated. The combination of A vV-dimethylformamide, or acetonitrile, tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate and platinum have been most commonly reported because they have been found empirically to function well. Despite various inadequacies of these systems, however, relatively little has been done to find and develop improved conditions under which emission could be seen and studied. Electrochemiluminescence emission has also been observed in dimethyl sulfite, propylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, trimethylacetonitrile, and benzonitrile.17 Recently the last of these has proven very useful for stabilizing the rubrene cation radical.65,66 Other electrolytes that have been tried are tetraethylam-monium bromide and perchlorate1 and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and iodide.5 Emission has also been observed with gold,4 mercury,5 and transparent tin oxide electrodes,9 but few studies have yet been made1 as to the effects of electrode construction and orientation on the emission character. 

Dissolve Kollidon, parabene, sodium sulfite (or cysteine) in the mixture of water und propylene glycol, heat, add the active ingredients and stir until they are dissolved. Add ethanol, cool and sterilize. 

Among alkyl-substituted ethylene oxides known to umletrn cleavage on treatment with sodium sulfite are propylene oxide, isobutylene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutane, 1,2-epoxyoctane, and 2,3-cpow-butane.1 75 These reactions with sodium sulfite constitute the bani-, ffrail analytical method developed by Swan1875 for the estimation <[Pg.179]

Related work by Culvenor and oo-workers28 hu dealt with addition of sodium salts of arylaulfinic adds, which attack epoxide rinps in the same manner as sodium sulfite. Product thereby obtained are Bulfones. Examples of this interesting reaction include the condensation of sodium benxenesulfinate with epichlorohydiin. and of sodium toluene-p-sulfinate with propylene oxide andglycidol (Eq. 6114). 

A series of other sulfur-containing solvents has been investigated for electrolytic use. Of these, propylene glycol sulfite [400], a derivative of 1,3,2-dioxthiol, was found most suitable. It has a dielectric constant of 33, forms solutions with good conductivity with such salts as LiC104, and does not react with lithium. It has not yet been used for organic electrolysis. 

Glycerin is mainly obtained from oils and fats as a by-product in the manufacture of soaps and fatty acids. It may also be obtained from natural sources by fermentation of, for example, sugar beet molasses in the presence of large quantities of sodium sulfite. Synthetically, glycerin may be prepared by the chlorination and saponification of propylene. 

In addition to the regioselectively derivatized CDs, a number of statistically substituted CDs are in use. Highly water-soluble statistic derivatives are obtained by reaction of CDs with methyl halides [68], with epoxides (e.g., ethylene oxide, propylene oxide [69,70], or allyl glycidylether [71]), and with cyclic sulfates (e.g., butane sultone [72]). Statistical allyl ethers were converted to sulfonates by addition of sulfite [71], Monochlorotriazinyl-P-CD is another available reactive CD. Since these synthetic procedures are rather simple compared to the regioselective ones, many of these statistical compounds are available at the technical scale. 

Many excipients have been associated with adverse reactions in those ingesting drugs and vitamin/mineral formulations containing these compoundsJ78 79 Antioxidants (e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium and potassium bisulfites, and metabisulfites), bacterial preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride), artificial sweeteners (e.g., aspartame and saccharine), coloring agents (e.g., FD C yellow 5, blue 2, and red 40), and propylene glycol. A few examples of the toxic effects of these follow. 

Arsenic Propylene Oxide Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite... 

Sodium Sulfite 7783-28-0 Diammonium Phosphate Propylene Dibromide... 

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted in which galvanized steel samples were exposed to NO2 in air and irradiated propylene/nitrogen oxides/air mixtures in the absence and presence of SO2. Dew was produced periodically on the test panels, and, at the end and/or during the experiments, panels were sprayed with either deionized water or an ammonium bisulfate solution (pH of 3.5). Gas phase concentrations were monitored, and dew and rain rinse samples were analyzed for nitrite, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, formaldehyde, and zinc. 

Propyl bromide, 13,21 15, 72 im-Piopylbiomomalonic acid, 11, 21 /-Propylene glycol, 10,84 -Propyl iodide, 13, 62 mo-Propyl lactate, 10,88 ti-Propyl phosphate, 16,10 tt-Piopyl sulfate, 19, 27 -Propyl sulfide, 15, 72 -Propyl sulfite, 19,30 isO-PROPYX THIOCYANATE, 11, 92 ixo-Propyl- t-toluidine, 18, 42 fj-Piopyl- -toluidine, 18, 42 Protocatechualdehyde, 18, 76 Pseudodurene, 10, 37... 

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