Propylene oxide block copolymers

Linse, P, Phase Behavior of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(propylene oxide) Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions, Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, 13896, 1993. 

Holland RJ, Parker EJ, Guiney K, Zeld FR. Fluorescence probe studies of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem 1995 99 11981-11988. 

Linse, P. 1993. Micellization of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers in aqueous solution.Macromolecule26 4437—4449. 

Pandya, K., K. Lad, and P. Bahadur. 1993. Effect of additives on the clouding behavior of an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer in aqueous solutbbM.S. Pure Appl. Chem. 30 1-18. 

Reverse ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers (in which a hydrophilic core of PEO is terminated at both ends with hydrophobic PO moieties) are used in industrial applications. This is because of the different and unique performance properties compared to the conventional block copolymers, where a hydrophobic PO core is block copolymerized with EO. Dufour and Guyot [30] have built on this observation and synthesized Surfmers in which a PEG core (about 37 EO units) was tipped with about 10 PO units to further react with a chlorine-carrying polymerizable group or with maleic anhydride to produce reactive Surfmers. 

Fig. 7.35 Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer.

Calvo P, Remunan-Lopez, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MH (1997b) Chitosan and chitosan/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer nanoparticles as novel carriers for proteins and vaccines. Pharmaceut Res 14 1431-1436... 

The mapping of ethoxylated fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers by 2D chromatography was discussed by Trathnigg et al. [95]. They combined LAC and SEC and were able to determine the chemical composition distribution and the molar mass distribution of the polyethers. 

The most extensive group of ether surfactants is that of polyethoxylated long-chain alcohols and related ethoxylated products considered, in view of their practical importance, in a separate section. Other ether nonionics of importance are polypropylene glycols, propoxylated alcohols, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide [8, 16-20], block-copolymers having a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane moiety [19, 21], as well as alkyl polyglycerides, alkyl polyglycosides, derivatives of maltose and other saccarides. 

With the purpose of conferring thermosensitivity to chitosan-based hydrogels. Park et al. proposed the grafting of carboxylic acid-terminated poly(ethylene oxide-h-propylene oxide) block copolymer (Pluronic) onto the primary amine of chitosan, mediated by EDC coupling agent [102]. With the same purpose, Wang et al. grafted poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (NiPAM) chains onto chitosan by the copolymerization of acrylic acid-derivatized chitosan and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in aqueous solution [103]. 

III. The third group includes polymerizations carried out in the presence of nonionic macromolecular emulsifiers, among which ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and polyvinyl alcohol are most largely used. 

Melik-Nubarov NS, Pomaz 00, Dorodnych T, et al. Interaction of tumor and normal blood cells with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide block copolymers. FEES Lett 1999 446 194-198. 

DES Desai, P.R., Jain, N.J., and Bahadnr, P., Anomalous clouding behavior of an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer inaqueous solution. Coll. Surfaces A, 197, 19, 2002. 

TAD Tada, E. dos S., Loh, W., and Pessoa-Filho, P. de A., Phase equilibrium in aqueous two-phase systems containing ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and dextran, Fluid Phase Equil, 218, 221, 2004. 

The possibility of easy functionalization of the hydroxyl group of the initial polymers by various complexing groups, which potentially allows us to synthesize a variety of metal complex catalysts for different reactions. Methods of modifying the hydroxyl group of poly(ethylene oxide)s and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers are very numerous and are described in a number of reviews [25-30]. Moreover, terminally modified... 

Water-soluble macromolecular metal complexes based on terminally functionalized ethylene oxides and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers have been used as catalysts for hydroformylation, hydrogenation, Wacker oxidation of imsaturated compounds, hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, oxidation of saturated and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, metathesis, Heck reaction, and some asymmetric reactions. 

A lower but still rather high activity in two-phase hydroformylation was also exhibited by rhodium complexes with ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and butyl ether of poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer modified with diphenylphosphines 3-4 [59]. 

Palladium complexes with poly(ethylene oxide)s and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers modified with iminodipropionitrile groups are catalysts for Wacker oxidation of unsaturated compounds in aqueous and water-alcohol media [64,65]. The yields of the product, methyl ketone, was above 90%, and the catalyst activity considerably exceeded the activity of similar low molecular weight catalytic systems. 

Much of the interest in ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers is due to the fact that these polymers are able to self-assemble in solution (6). The polymers can have complex phase diagrams (10) and have been used to template the formation of ordered structures in mesoporous silcas (11). The self-assembly of the triblock copolymers can be monitored by NMR, since the formation of micelles and other structures affects the chain dynamics and the NMR linewidths. This is illustrated in Figure 3 which shows the solution spectra for LI01 (EO4-PO59-EO4) in H20 as a... 

Chiappetta, D. A. Sosnik, A. (2007). Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymer micelles as drug delivery agents Improved hydrosolubility, stability and bioavailability of drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 66, 303-317. 

Melik-Nubarov, N. S., Pomaz, O. O., Dorodnyeh, T. Y., Badim, G. A., Ksenofontov, A. L., Schemchukova, O. B., Arzhakov, S. A. (1999). Interaction of tumor and normal blood cells with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide block copolymers. FEBS Lett, 446, 194-198. 

Hurter, P. N. and Hatton, T. A., Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) block copolymers micelles effects of polymer structure, Langmuir, 8, 1291-1299 (1992). 

Ashman PC, Booth C (1975) Crystallinity and Fusion of Ethylene Oxide-Propylene Oxide Block Copolymers. 1. Type PE Copolymers. Polymer 16 889-896. 

CAR Carareto, N.D.D., Monteiro Filho, E.S., Pessoa Filho, P.A., and Meirelles, A.J.A., Water activity of aqueous solutions of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and maltodextrins, Brazil J. Chem. Eng., 27, 173, 2010. 

Calvo P, et al. (1997) Chitosan and Chitosan/Ethylene Oxide-Propylene Oxide Block Copolymer Nanoparticles as Novel Carriers for Proteins and Vaccines. Pharm. res. 14 p. 1431-6. 

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