Propylene derivatives anhydrides

The properties of polymers formed by the step growth esterification (1) of glycols and dibasic acids can be manipulated widely by the choice of coreactant raw materials (Table 1) (2). The reactivity fundamental to the majority of commercial resins is derived from maleic anhydride [108-31-6] (MAN) as the unsaturated component in the polymer, and styrene as the coreactant monomer. Propylene glycol [57-55-6] (PG) is the principal glycol used in most compositions, and (i9f2v (9)-phthahc anhydride (PA) is the principal dibasic acid incorporated to moderate the reactivity and performance of the final resins. 

Electrophilic addition reactions. See also Addition reactions with butylenes, 4 405-408 of maleic anhydride, 75 490 with methacrylic acid/derivatives, 76 236-237 of propylene, 20 774 Electrophilic aromatic substitution, benzene, 3 599-601 Electrophilic attack, at nitrogen and carbon, 27 98... 

Song P, Xiao M, Wang S, Du E, Meng Y (2009) Synthesis and properties of terpolymers derived from carbon dioxide, propylene oxide and phthalic anhydride. Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng 25(8) ... 

Acetic Anhydride. Other products recovered from the oxidation of light hydrocarbons (6) are acetic acid and acetic anhydride as well as acetaldehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, all of which may be converted to acetic acid or the anhydride. The direct oxidation process supplements the production of acetic anhydride from acetone derived from propylene, which has been the principal commercial source of the anhydride. The increasing production of cellulose acetate within recent years has been attributed to the low cost of acetic anhydride from the latter process (44). 

Process Economics Program Report SRI International. Menlo Park, CA, Isocyanates IE, Propylene Oxide 2E, Vinyl Chloride 5D, Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 9E, Phenol 22C, Xylene Separation 25C, BTX, Aromatics 30A, o-Xylene 34 A, m-Xylene 25 A, p-Xylene 93-3-4, Ethylbenzene/Styrene 33C, Phthalic Anhydride 34B, Glycerine and Intermediates 58, Aniline and Derivatives 76C, Bisphenol A and Phosgene 81, C1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 126, Chlorinated Solvent 48, Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives 201, Reforming for BTX 129, Aromatics Processes 182 A, Propylene Oxide Derivatives 198, Acetaldehyde 24 A2, 91-1-3, Acetic Acid 37 B, Acetylene 16A, Adipic Acid 3 B, Ammonia 44 A, Caprolactam 7 C, Carbon Disulfide 171 A, Cumene 92-3-4, 22 B, 219, MDA 1 D, Ethanol 53 A, 85-2-4, Ethylene Dichloride/Vinyl Chloride 5 C, Formaldehyde 23 A, Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) 31 B, Hydrogen Cyanide 76-3-4, Maleic Anhydride 46 C, Methane (Natural Gas) 191, Synthesis Gas 146, 148, 191 A, Methanol 148, 43 B, 93-2-2, Methyl Methacrylate 11 D, Nylon 6-41 B, Nylon 6,6-54 B, Ethylene/Propylene 29 A, Urea 56 A, Vinyl Acetate 15 A. 

Starches have been chemically modified to improve their solution and gelling characteristics for food applications. Common modifications involve the cross linking of the starch chains, formation of esters and ethers, and partial depolymerization. Chemical modifications that have been approved in the United States for food use, involve esterification with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, mixed acid anhydrides of acetic and adipic acids, and 1-octenylsuccinic anhydride to give low degrees of substitution (d.s.), such as 0.09 [31]. Phosphate starch esters have been prepared by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride, sodium trimetaphosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate the maximum phosphate d.s. permitted in the US is 0.002. Starch ethers, approved for food use, have been prepared by reaction with propylene oxide to give hydroxypropyl derivatives [31]. 

Diethanolamine will react with acids, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, and esters to form amide derivatives, and with propylene carbonate or other cyclic carbonates to give the corresponding carbonates. As a secondary amine, diethanolamine reacts with aldehydes and ketones to yield aldimines and ketimines. Diethanolamine also reacts with copper to form complex salts. Discoloration and precipitation will take place in the presence of salts of heavy metals. 

Although less apparent, oxydehydrogenation also plays a role in the work done by BP Amoco, Asahi, and others to extend ammoxidation to the direct conversion of propane to acrylonitrile. It is believed that the ammoxidation of propane proceeds through a transient propylene intermediate from which acrylonitrile is derived through a conventional ammoxidation pathway. Similarly, the conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride could also be regarded as a form of oxydehydrogenation, except that in this case it leads to the formation of a new compound that incorporates oxygen in the molecule. 

There have been notable shifts in raw materials for the manufacture of maleic anhydride and phenol. Made for many years by the oxidation of benzene, maleic anhydride now is made by a catalytic process from butane. The butane process was found to result in lower costs of operation as well as reduced environmental, safety, and health hazards. Another example is the manufacture of phenol, initially made from benzene or chlorobenzene. Subsequently, however, with large supplies of cumene from the catalytic reaction of benzene and propylene, production came to be dominated by cumene-derived phenol, which, requires a lower capital investment and offers reduced operating expenses as well as reduced environmental and safety problems. A novel... 

Definition Mixture of mono and diesters of oleic acid and hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol Properties Yel. to amber thick oily liq. sol. in alcohol, I PA, min. oil, cottonseed oil insol. in water, propylene glycol HLB 3.7 acid no. 14... 

The hydrophobization of cellulose surface was often achieved thanks to the well-known aptitude of cellulose macromolecules to undergo esterification reactions. The main coupling agents used to esterify cellulose using nonswelling solvents, in order to limit the reaction to the fibre s surface, are summarized in Scheme 18.1, namely the classical acetic anhydride [24] (I), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) II, alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) III, fatty acids (IV, with n var5fing from 6 to 22) or their chlorides, poly-(propylene-gra/f-maleic anhydride) (V), trifluoroethoxy-acetic acid (VI) and its anhydride, as well as several other perfluoro-derivatives, p5Tomellitic anhydride (VII), styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (VIII) and methacrylic anhydride (IX). 

Ethylene from cracking of the alkane gas mixtures or the naphtha fraction can be directly polymerized or converted into useful monomers. (Alternatively, the ethane fraction in natural gas can also be converted to ethylene for that purpose). These include ethylene oxide (which in turn can be used to make ethylene glycol), vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride. The same is true of the propylene fi action, which can be converted into vinyl chloride and to ethyl benzene (used to make styrene). The catalytic reformate has a high aromatic fi action, usually referred to as BTX because it is rich in benzene, toluene, and xylene, that provides key raw materials for the synthesis of aromatic polymers. These include p-xylene for polyesters, o-xylene for phthalic anhydride, and benzene for the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene. When coal is used as the feedstock, it can be converted into water gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which can in turn be used as a raw material in monomer synthesis. Alternatively, acetylene derived from the coal via the carbide route can also be used to synthesize the monomers. Commonly used feedstock and a simplified diagram of the possible conversion routes to the common plastics are shown in Figure 2.1. 

The EMA anhydride resins may be treated with iV,7V-dialkylaminoal-cohols to produce polyampholytes, ammonia, and primary or secondary amines to produce amides and a host of other mono and polyfunctional active hydrogen compounds to produce a wide variety of derivatives. The primary amine derivatives, i.e., amide-ammonium salts, may be transformed with heat to imide copolymers.Surface tension studies have been explored on EMA resins and octadecylamine derivatives of the copolymer.The effect of steric hindrance on accessibility, inhomogeneous consideration, electrostatic effects, etc., on the reaction of typical aliphatic amines and polymeric amines (polyethylene imine) with propylene-MA copolymer have been recently examined in great detail.The complexity of the reaction did not allow complete separation of the many variables. 

DCPD/vegetable oil derived UPRs were synthesized in the standard way from maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-propylene glycol. The UP thus obtained was dissolved in styrene. To flexibilize the resin, 5-20% rapeseed oil was incorporated into the polyester [33]. More-... 

---