Properties of Oxygen

Oxygen has two allotropes, O2 and O3. When we speak of molecular oxygen or simply oxygen, it is usually understood that we are speaking of dioxygen (O2), the normal form of the element O3 is ozone. 

At room temperature, dioxygen is a colorless, odorless gas. It condenses to a liquid at —183 °C and freezes at — 218 °C. It is only slightly soluble in water (0.04 g/L, or 0.001 M at 25 °C), but its presence in water is essential to marine life. 

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Selected physical properties of oxygen are included in Table 9.24. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas which is essential for life and considered to be non-toxic at atmospheric pressure. It is somewhat soluble in water and is slightly heavier than air. Important uses are in the steel and glass industries, oxyacetylene welding, as a chemical intermediate, waste-water treatment, fuel cells, underwater operations and medical applications. 

POLITZER, Anomalous properties of fluorine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 6235-7 (1969) Some anomalous properties of oxygen and nitrogen, Inorg. Chem. 16, 3350-1 (1977). 

Similar to MTBE, TAME is used as gasoline additive for its high octane rating and its ability to reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions. Properties of oxygenates used as gasoline additives are shown in Table 5-2. °... 

Oxygen was added as oxygenated hydrocarbon components methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), ethanol, methanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). The properties of oxygenates, as they relate to gasoline blending, are shown in Table 10-1. 

It is impossible to write a conventional Lewis structure for 02 that has these two characteristics. A more sophisticated model of bonding, using molecular orbitals (Appendix 5), is required to explain the properties of oxygen. 

FIGURE 3.24 The paramagnetic properties of oxygen are evident when liquid oxygen is poured between the poles of a magnet. The liquid sticks to the magnet instead of flowing past it. 

The properties of oxygenates may also affect the applicability and design of a system to treat the contaminated vapor effluent resulting from air stripping, if one is required. 

Mihailovic, D., Saponjic, Z., Molina, R., Puac, N., Jovancic, P., Nedeljkovic, J. and Radetic, M. (2010) Improved properties of oxygen and argon RF plasma-activated polyester fabrics loaded with Ti02 nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials ej Interfaces, 2, 1700-1706. 

Table 4.1 Some Properties of Oxygen Transport Proteins...

Basura, V. I., Chuy, C., Beattie, P. D. and Holdcroft, S. 2001. Effect of equivalent weight on electrochemical mass transport properties of oxygen in proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated a,j3,j3-trifluorostyrene (BAM) and sulfonated-styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene triblock (DAIS-analytical) copolymers. Journal ofElectroanalytical Chemistry 501 77-88. 

Hybridization concepts can also be applied to atoms other than carbon. Here, we look at how we can understand the properties of oxygen and nitrogen compounds by considering hybrid orbitals for these atoms. 

J. Michel and L. C. Kimerling, Electical Properties of Oxygen in Silicon R. C. Newman and R. Jones, Diffusion of Oxygen in Silicon... 

This semi-empirical method is recommended as a convenient and economic alternative to determine ideal gas thermodynamic properties of oxygenated heterocycles. 

While the photodimerization of bis(l-naphthylmethyl) ether was acknowledged somewhat earlier 39), the photodimers were first characterized and the quantum yield of the dimerization determined by Todesco et al. U2). Both the syn- and anti-photodimers were formed in roughly equal amounts, and the quantum yield for formation of the anti-dimer was independent of solvent. However, the quantum yields for formation of the syn-dimer and for excimer fluorescence were found to vary with solvent such that their sum was independent of solvent. The fact that irradiation of l,3-bis(l-naphthyl)-1-propanol yields only the syn-photodimer 113> indicates that the conformational properties of oxygen are largely responsible for anii-dimerization in the ether compound. The possibility of photodimerization was unfortunately not considered in the fluorescence studies of protonated bis (1-naphthylmethyl) amine 115>, l,3-bis(4-methoxy-l-naphthyl) propane 116>, and meso-bis( 1 -(1 -naphthyl-ethyl) ether 13). 

Transport properties of oxygen are better in the fluorinated polymer than in aqueous electrolytes. Although the diffusion coefficient is lower than in water, the oxygen solubility is largely enhanced so that the transport parameter D + c02 is higher than in water (160, 161). 

General Properties of Oxygen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds R. Rambaud, Traite Chim. Org., 1945, 18, 36. 

Electrical discharge techniques for generation of oxygen atoms have some serious limitations, especially in studies of atomic reactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons. It is believed that these limitations are responsible for the vastly different conclusions of Cvetanovi6 and his coworkers from those of Avramenko and Kolesnikova regarding the chemical properties of oxygen atoms and the mechanisms of their interaction with olefins. 

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN-TERMINATED DIAMOND ELECTRODES... 

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