Propanol INDEX

Any change in this order of precedence of functions means a change in the name of a compound and in its location in an index. If alcohols were placed ahead of ketones in this order the name 3-hydroxybutyrophenone, indexed imder B (Butyrophenone, 3-hydroxy-) would become I-benzoyl-2-propanol, indexed under P (2-Propanol, I-benzoyl-). The importance of maintaining the same order of precedence can be readily seen. 

If the mixture to be separated contains fairly polar materials, the silica may need to be deactivated by a more polar solvent such as ethyl acetate, propanol or even methanol. As already discussed, polar solutes are avidly adsorbed by silica gel and thus the optimum concentration is likely to be low, e.g. l-4%v/v and consequently, a little difficult to control in a reproducible manner. Ethyl acetate is the most useful moderator as it is significantly less polar than propanol or methanol and thus, more controllable, but unfortunately adsorbs in the UV range and can only be used in the mobile phase at concentrations up to about 5%v/v. Above this concentration the mobile phase may be opaque to the detector and thus, the solutes will not be discernible against the background adsorption of the mobile phase. If a detector such as the refractive index detector is employed then there is no restriction on the concentration of the moderator. Propanol and methanol are transparent in the UV so their presence does not effect the performance of a UV detector. However, their polarity is much greater than that of ethyl acetate and thus, the adjustment of the optimum moderator concentration is more difficult and not easy to reproduce accurately. For more polar mixtures it is better to explore the possibility of a reverse phase (which will be discussed shortly) than attempt to utilize silica gel out of the range of solutes for which it is appropriate. 

Detectability may be a significant problem with homologous series of unsaturated compounds, particularly //-alkanes. For these compounds, refractive index detection or evaporative light-scattering, both of which are described elsewhere in the book, may be of use. Indirect photometry is a useful detection scheme for compounds that do not absorb in the UV. Acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and acetophenone are added to an acetonitrile/water mobile phase, generating a negative vacancy peak when the nonchro-mophoric analyte emerges and a positive peak if the ketone is adsorbed and displaced.70 Dodecyl, tetradecyl, cetyl, and stearyl alcohols also have been derivatized with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and the derivatives separated on Zorbax ODS in a mobile phase of methanol and 2-propanol.71... 

Products were analyzed via Waters Model 515 HPLC Pump fitted with a Waters model 2410 refractive index detector. Separations was performed via an Aminex HP-87H 300mm column at 65°C using 0.005M H2SO4 as the mobile phase. Compounds calibrated for this work included xylitol, arabitol, erythritol, threitol, PG, EG, glycerol, lactate, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, and the butanetriol isomers. Any compounds not visible by RID were not quantified in this work. 

To evaluate its capability for refractive index measurement, the fiber FPI device was tested using various liquids including methanol, acetone, and 2-propanol at room temperature. The interference spectra of the device immersed in various liquids are shown in Fig. 7.12 for comparison. The signal intensity dropped when the device was immersed in liquids as a result of the reduced refractive index contrast and thus lowered Fresnel reflections from the cavity endfaces. However, the interference fringes maintained a similar visibility. The spectral distance between the two adjacent valleys also decreased, indicating the increase of refractive index of the medium inside the cavity. Using (7.4), the refractive indices of the liquids were calculated to be nmethanoi = 1 -3283, acetone = 1 -3577, and n2-propanoi = 1.3739, which was close to the commonly accepted values. 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

Several points had to be taken into consideration when choosing the mobile phase. First, the mobile phase had to dissolve the silver nitrate properly while at the same time being sufficiently nonpolar for the elution of saturated TGs. Second, the mobile phase had to be inert to silver ions so that no reaction would take place. Third, the refractive index of the mobile phase had to be different from that of the TGs, since TGs were to be detected using a refractive index detector. For these reasons, mobile phases such as propionitrile, acetonitrile, methanol, and 2-propanol were tested. The mobile phase that gave the best separation results was methanol-2-propanol (3 1 v/v) with dissolved silver nitrate. 

Makrolon has a mean free pore-volume of 0.1 nm3 and the width at half-height of the corresponding distribution is 0.04 nm3 [22], The polymer layer reacts to the exposition of the analyte molecules by swelling and by changes of the refractive index. Due to the pore-volume distribution (see Fig. 1), the interaction kinetic depends on the molecule size [23], The analytes used in this work are methanol with a size smaller, ethanol with a size almost equal to and 1-propanol with a size bigger than the mean free pore-volume. 

Fig. 2 Relative change in the refractive index (gray squares) and relative change in the physical thickness (open cycles) of a Makrolon layer of 170 nm during exposition to different concentrations of 1-propanol, measured by spectral ellipsometry...

As can be seen in Fig. 3, the changes in the sensor signals are increasing with higher concentrations for all analytes. The signals for 1-propanol are higher than for ethanol than for methanol because of the higher refractive index of 1-propanol. 

In this book, use has been made of a spectroscopically determined polarity index called Et, where E stands for energy , T stands for transition , and N stands for normalized . The polarity index characterizes the polarity of organic compounds relative to water, the latter being given the polarity index 1.000. All organic compounds have polarity indices smaller than that of water, the only known exception being 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, for which Ej = 1.068. 

Figure 4. Comparison of the phase diagrams determined from the refractive index measurements with that obtained by the visual method. The weight fraction w is the concentration variable. Empty symbols are used, when the compositions are estimated from refractive index data (Cemim+BFJ in 1-butanol (A), 1-pentanol (y), 2-butanol (0), and 2-pentanol (<)), full symbols, when the data are obtained by the visual method observing the separation temperature in samples of different composition (Gemini+ in water ( ), 1-propanol (O). 1-butanol (A), 2-butanol (y), 1-pentanol (0), 2-pentanol (<), and 1-hexanol (>)).

Figure 13. Solvent interaction at the (Oil) crystal face of carbamazepine form III. (a) 2-propanol and (b) ethyl acetate. Reprinted from Kelly, 2003 with permission. (See color insert after Index.)...

Methanol and 2-propanol have both been used for this measurement. 2-propanol, which has two more carbons than methanol, is the less polar of the two alcohols. Owing to this fact, treated silicas become hydrophilic in 2-propanol—water solutions sooner than they do in methanol—water solutions. Thus, the same silica will have a higher HI in a methanol-water solution than in a 2-propanol—water solution. In Figure 3, the hydrophobic index was measured using a 2-propanol—water solution, and this hydrophobic silica just started to sink in a 20% solution of 2-propanol in water. 

While dehydrating secondary alcohols over MgS04, a considerable constancy of activation energy is also observed. The alcohols cyclo-hexanol, cyclopentanol, 2-pentanol, and 2-propanol were investigated the percent of their dehydration at 370° C were as follows 17.7 17.8 18.0 18.8 and e=15.0 14.4 15.2 and 14.8 kcal/mole, respectively. This also testifies to an equal orientation of the molecules of the index group CHCO toward the catalyst (181). 

The third metalic (M) components were added into the colloidal silica and the mixture were dried up and calcined. The obtained dry gels were impregnated again with a CsOH solution. Then, the catalyst was calcined again at 400 °C. The Cs/M/Si atomic ratio was 20/10/1000. TTie effects on catalytic properties were studied in the reaction of MP with formalin in the presence of methanol. The amoimt of propylene formed by the dehydration of of 2-propanol was measured at 200 °C, as an index of the amount of acidic sites on the surface. 

Figure 6. Derivation of first-order neighborhoods and calculation of complexity indexes (IC, SlCj, and CIC]) for n-propanol.

Environmental Health Research and Testing, Inc. 1987. Screening of priority chemicals for reproductive hazards. Benzethonium chloride 3-ethoxy-1- propanol acetone. Govt. Rep. Announce. Index (U.S.) 89(9), Abstr. No. 922, p. 789. 

Nitro-l-propanol is a highly explosive colorless liquid with an aromatic odor, melting point of -21.4 °C, boiling point of 103 °C, refractive index of 1.465420. It is soluble in ether, but insoluble in water. It has five hydrogen bond acceptors, topological molecular polar surface area of 112, heavy atom number of 10, rotatable bond number of one, the number of hydrogen bond donor of 1, and the number of covalent bond units of one. 

Nitro-l-propanol is a slightly yellow liquid with boiling point of 72-74 °C (1 mmHg), density of 1.185 g/mL (25 °C), refractive index of ( >) 1.439 and flash point of 212 °F. 

Methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol is a colorless liquid with a strong combustion performance. When it is combusted under confined conditions, an explosion will occur. It density is 1.135 g/cm with melting point of -1 °C, boiling point of 204.4 °C (760 mmHg), flash point of 92.1 °C, vapor pressure of 0.0634 mmHg (25 °C) and refractive index of 1.553. 

Properties Colorless appearance sol. in xylene, butanol. Isobutanol, cyclohexanone, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-propanol, min. spirits, MIBK dens. 1.01 -1.03 g/ml vise. 10-25 mmVs flash pt. > 80 C ref. Index 1.438-1.440 surf. tens. 21 mN/m 100% act. 

Chem. Descrip. 52% Polyether-modified methylalkylpolysiloxane copolymer with 43% Stod., 5% 1-ethoxy-2-propanol acetate Uses Air release agent for thermoset resin systems such as unfilled/filled epoxy, PU, or phenolic resins Features Prevents air inclusions and porosity Properties Colorless clear liq., ether-like odor insol. in water sp.gr. 0.85 dens. 7.17 Ib/gal vapor pressure 2 mm Hg (20 C) b.p. 135-196 C flash pt. (Seta CC) 38 C ref. index 1.441 52% NV Use Level 0.1-0.5% on total formulation... 

Here Y denotes a general bulk property, Tw that of pure water and Ys that of the pure co-solvent, and the y, are listed coefficients, generally up to i=3 being required. Annotated data are provided in (Marcus 2002) for the viscosity rj, relative permittivity r, refractive index (at the sodium D-line) d. excess molar Gibbs energy G, excess molar enthalpy excess molar isobaric heat capacity Cp, excess molar volume V, isobaric expansibility ap, adiabatic compressibility ks, and surface tension Y of aqueous mixtures with many co-solvents. These include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol), 1,2-ethanediol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, pyridine, acetone, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide and a few others. 

Synonyms Hydrocinnamic acetate 3-Phenyl-1-propanol acetate Phenylpropyl acetate 3-Phenyl propyl acetate Empirical C11H14O2 Formula C6H5CH2CH2CH2OOCCH3 Properties Colorless liq., spicy floral odor sol. in alcohol insol. in water m.w. 178.25 dens. 1.012 flash pt. > 212 F ref. index 1.494 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4700 mg/kg mildly toxic by ing. TSCA listed Precaution Combustible liq. 

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