Proliferation of mammalian cells

Kaplan JG (1978) Membrane cation transport and the control of proliferation of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Physiol 40 16-35... 

Burdon, R.H. and Rice-Evans, C. (1989). Free radicals and the regulation of mammalian cell proliferation. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 6, 346-348. 

A variety of mammalian cell culture systems can be used to detect mutations induced by chemical substances. The L5178Y mouse l)nnphoma line, measuring mutation at the TK locus, is preferred. TK is an important enz)une involved in DNA synthesis. Cells are exposed to the test substance at various concentrations, in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system, for a suitable period of time, and then subcultured to assess cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. Cells deficient in TK because of a forward mutation are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of pyrimidine analogues (antimetabolites), such as trifluorothymidine (TFT). This is because the antimetabolites cannot be incorporated into cellular nucleotides and kill the cell through inhibition of cellular metabolism. After treatment, cells are grown in a medium containing TFT mutant cells can proliferate in the presence of TFT, whereas normal cells containing TK are killed. This allows the detection of an increase in mutant... 

Fussenegger M, Bailey JE (1999), Control of mammalian cell proliferation as an important strategy in cell culture technology, In Al-Rubeai M, Dordrecht AH (Eds), Cancer Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 

Mammalian cell culture is the most important source of therapeutic proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Just as mammalian cells are more complicated than most other microorganisms, the media required for their growth is also more complex. The extracellular medium must provide the same nutrients and growth factors that mammalian cells are exposed to in vivo in order for them to survive, proliferate, and differentiate. Serum contains many important components that support the growth of mammalian cells including growth factors, hormones, transport and binding proteins, attachment factors, protease inhibitors, and... 

It is known from the 1980s that bacterial DNA stimulates the formation of cytotoxic IFN-a , jS, and IL-12 when the DNA is taken up by macrophages. It in turn leads to NK cell activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-y. This is accompanied by the proliferation of B-cells and therefore the reduction of apoptosis and release of IL-6 and IL-12 (246-249). These pro-inflammatory effects were found to be caused by some im-muno-stimulatory sequences in prokaryotic DNA that contained unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motif flanked by two 5 purines and two 3 pyrimidines. Plasmid DNA, which is derived from bacterial DNA, induces these immune responses. The unmethylated CpG motif-containing sequence occurs four times more frequently in prokaryote DNA than in eukaryotic DNA. Moreover, the CpG motifs are usually 75% more methylated in mammalian DNA than in prokaryotic DNA (250,251). On methylation of the cytosine bases in plasmids, the immuno-stimulatory effect is decreased considerably (252). Immature den-... 

Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles found in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells that carry out important metabolic functions (de Duve 1996 Hashimoto 1996 Mannaerts and van Veldhoven 1996). Under a variety of altered physiological and metabolic states, peroxisomes are known to proliferate, most notably with increased concentrations of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Interest in the toxicology community was piqued when peroxisome proliferation was noted in rodent hepatocytes in response to the administration of certain xenobiotics (e.g., Hess et al. 1965 Reddy and Chu 1996 Reddy and Rao 1977). Based on the association between exposure and peroxisome proliferation, the chemical and pharmaceutical agents that induce this response have been collectively referred to as peroxisome proliferators. ... 

Most studies of mammalian cell-cycle control have been done with cultured cells that require certain polypeptide growth factors (mitogens) to stimulate cell proliferation. 

Transferrin is the major iron transport protein of mammalian cells and transferrin receptors are present on virtually all cells, their expression increasing with cell proliferation. The expression of receptors for human transferrin has been demonstrated in both T. cruzi and L. infantum (86,87). 

The behavior of the adsorption and desorption of blood proteins or adhesion and proliferation of different types of mammalian cells on pol)meric materials depends on the surface characteristics such as wettability, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio, bulk chemistry, surface charge and charge distribution, surface roughness, and rigidity. 

The metabolites glutamine and glucose are the main substrates of mammalian cell culture. Nevertheless, even if they are not limited in oxygen, proliferating mammalian cells do not completely oxidize their main substrates to CO2 but produce the fermentative product lactate. This observation, termed Warburg effect, is hypothesized to be a result of the needs of proliferating cells for precursor metabolites instead of maximum ATP formation via complete... 

Survival and proliferation within mammalian cells are key virulence features of bacterial pathogens with an intracellular life cycle (1). Such bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid intracellular bactericidal functions of host cells, many of which aim to modulate host functions to control their intracellular trafficking and reach or generate a niche permissive for replication. An essential step in our understanding of the intracellular pathogenesis... 

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