Physiological alterations

Other forms of visible injury are related to various physiological alterations. Air pollution injury can cause early senescence or leaf drop. Stems and leaf structure may be elongated or misshapen. Ornamentals and fruit trees can also show visible injury to the blooms of the fruit, which can result in decreased yield. 

Verma, S.R., S. Rani, and R.C. Dalela. 1981b. Pesticide-induced physiological alterations in certain tissues of a fish, Mystus vittatus. Toxicol. Lett. 9 327-332. 

Table 2.1 Physiological alterations with aging that may affect pharmacotherapy... 

All drugs may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs). These adverse effects are either unpredictable (hyper-sensitivity) or dose-depending. The risk of ADR is increased for several reasons in the elderly. The physiological alterations, the high number of medications and concomitant diseases increase the risk of ADR. This is further... 

Certain forms of conduction anesthesia, such as spinal anesthesia and some peridural anesthetics, can alter respiration by blocking intercostal nerves. Through other mechanisms, fentanyl injection can also alter respiration. Therefore, when fentanyl injection is used to supplement these forms of anesthesia, the anesthetist needs to be aware of the physiological alterations involved and manage them... 

Mattison DR, Blann E, Malek A (1991) Physiological alterations during pregnancy impact on toxicokinetics. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 16 215-218. 

Elderly patients in moderate to severe pain may require narcotic analgesics, but the use of opioids can be associated with significant toxicity because of the unique metabolic and physiologic alterations in aging patients. 

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