Project duration

The treatment performance data for 123 projects show that air sparging (either alone or in combination with other technologies) has been used to reduce MTBE in groundwater from concentrations >1,000,000 to <50 pg/L. The median project duration for the 19 completed sites ranged from 1 to 5 years. Although two of the 123 projects listed TBA as a cocontaminant, neither of these projects reported TBA concentrations before or after treatment no data for other fuel oxygenates were reported. 

Tables 24.13 and 24.14 summarize performance data for the 35 completed and 38 ongoing in situ bioremediation projects. The concentration of MTBE in groundwater prior to treatment was as high as 870,000 pg/L and as low as 10 pg/L. The data show that bioremediation (either alone or in combination with other technologies) has been employed to remediate MTBE in groundwater and soil to concentrations <50 pg/L and has achieved MTBE concentration reductions >99%. The median project duration for the 20 completed sites ranged from 6 months to 1 year.

Initial MTBE Concentration Final MTBE Concentration Median Project Duration... 

Of the projects in the database, four completed projects using pump-and-treat provided performance data for initial and final MTBE concentrations. Median concentrations were 27,000 pg/L for before treatment and <1 pg/L for after treatment. The median project duration for these projects was 14 months. Note that these treatment performance figures are based on the data provided by project managers and others in the source materials used to prepare the treatment profiles website. 

QA splits are particularly valuable for field screening with definitive analysis confirmation and for the verification of field laboratory analysis. The frequency of the QA sample collection is best determined based on the project duration and the total numbers of samples to be collected. Typically, they are collected at a 10 percent frequency (one QA sample for every 10 field samples). It is beneficial to establish data comparability in the early phase of field implementation. If data are comparable, the frequency of QA sampling may be reduced as the confidence in field screening or field laboratory results has been established. But if the data are not comparable, the project team needs to identify the cause of the differences and resolve them as soon as possible in order to avoid making decisions on inaccurate or unrepresentative data. 

From a perspective of the data user, a combination of audits and PE samples may be a cost-effective approach to laboratory quality assessment. Single-blind and double-blind PE samples are typically used on long-term, large sample volume projects. Because of the additional costs, they are not sent to the laboratory with every shipment of field samples. PE samples for the project contaminants of concern analyzed at the start of project activities will enable the data user to establish the laboratory s performance. Depending on the project duration and on the volume and importance of the collected samples, additional PE samples may be analyzed on a quarterly or semiannual basis. 

The duration for chronic toxicology studies depends on the projected duration of administration to humans (Table 1). The present consensus according to the FDA (5) is that 6-month rodent and nonrodent studies are sufficient for drug candidates intended for long-term human use, provided the candidate is studied in rats, or other appropriate species, to evaluate the potential for tumor production. 

General Approximate Construction Hours Approximate Engineering Hours Process Design Hours Project Duration/Peak Staffing Example Plan Contents Planning Rules of Thumb... 

The determining parameter for establishing the duration of any project activity is the hours required to execute it. Consequently, the engineering and construction hours, especially the latter, determine the project duration. If they are not available, the Project Manager must develop them. The scope provided by the project sponsor must contain sufficient information to develop, through literature and/or company files research, the approximate Total Installed Cost (TIC) of the proposed facility and/or equipment count. Both are used in the preparation of conceptual engineering and construction hours estimates. 

In a typical chemical process plant, the duration of the construction phase is approximately 80% of the total project duration from the start of engineering (after completion of Phase 1) to the mechanical completion of the construction work. The remaining 20% is the lead time required for engineering and procurement activities before construction can start in a cost-effective manner. It must be noted, for initial planning purposes, that the lead time allowed should not be less than three months. Historically, the engineering hours spent during this period are normally between 30 and 40% of the project total. 

The total project duration and anticipated engineering and process design staffing can now be easily approximated. 

It must be noted at this point that Fig. 5.1 is based on total field hours, direct and indirect, and that the construction hours shown in the estimates must be adjusted before being used to determine project durations. 

Project durations and peak engineering and construction staffing can now be estimated with the aid of Fig. 5.1 and the pertinent rules of thumb in Section 5.1. 

The validity check shows a construction duration of 10 months, one month longer than anticipated in the Initial Plan of Action in Chapter 5. Since an 18-month total project duration is important due to business considerations this delay could have a serious impact on the project economics and corrective action must be taken. 

If the project duration were longer than the project requirements and the site can absorb a higher manpower loading, the recommended approach would be to find ways to increase the labor density without productivity loss. 

Good planning and scheduling will minimize the project duration and enhance productivity both during engineering and construction. 

Some fast tracking would be required to meet the mandated 18 months project duration. 

Although project management was certainly applied in practice prior to the mid-1950 s, the development of the critical path method and the Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is considered to be the initiation of the modern practice of project management. The critical path method is a network analysis technique used to predict project duration by analyzing which sequence of activities or path most likely has the least amount of scheduling flexibility or... 

System size is based on 8 months of production bum time. This is 5840 operating hours. Dividing the tonnage (1.5 x 40,000 yards) by this value results in a feed rate of 10 tons per hour (tph). Applying a 65% capacity utilization (to account for forced and plaimed outages) for this project duration results in a capacity of 16 tph. 

A 30-marks project component was introduced at the PG second year level in the last revision (2002-2007) so that students get opportunities to do small research projects (duration 6-8 weeks) either at their institution or in an industry. Students are expected to write the report of the work done and also present the same. Most often, students are placed for industrial training in the Research and Development or Quality Control department of a company. The exposure received by students is very limited as often the companies use students as data collectors without revealing the purpose for which the data are collected. While the students are demonstrated the working of various analytical instruments like GC, HPLC etc., normally they are not allowed to handle them. Often due to lack of advanced infrastructure and funding, it is rather difficult for students to do a research project at their parent institution. 

Concerning the structural validation of the simulation model, the adjustment of the numerous parameters is particularly critical these parameters include the number of actors (more than 20 attributes for each actor), the number of tools (five attributes for each tool), the dispersion and the variation of the activity durations, the probability of occurrence of certain activities, and many more. The values of these parameters can result in extremely complex system dynamics. Therefore, in the first runs of the organizational simulation, the number of persons was varied, and afterwards it was set to the optimal number. Subsequently, the number of tools was also varied. The other factors were not examined in the first test runs. Then, the influence of the number of actors and tools on the simulation results for the total time of project duration was examined in order to judge the internal validity of the simulation model. To do so, the expected durations of the individual activities were established in multiple expert workshops. As described in the following, these test runs... 

Hen The dependent variable total time of project duration (TTpd.) is... 

Ko2 There is no effect of the independent variable variance of the activity duration (Vm) on the dependent variable total time of project duration (TTpd). ... 

The Petri net simulation was used to investigate these different comparative hypotheses. Independent variables were the number of persons, the variance of the duration of each single activity, and the number of available work tools. The main dependent variable was the total time of project duration TTpd-These results can conversely give the indication of the optimal project constellation of persons and work tools. 

To compare different constellations of input variables in this project, the total number of involved persons was varied between one and eleven. For more than five persons, no significant reduction of the total time of project duration could be detected. To ensure that 5 is the optimum number of persons for this project, the number of persons was increased up to eleven. For six or more persons, no significant effects could be detected (satiation). The variance of each expected activity duration, estimated by experts, was regarded as an... 

The corresponding hypothesis states that the duration of the design project decreases for each additional employee. Experts had predicted that the influence of the number of employees would have the most significant impact on the variable total time of project duration . The experts also had given another reason to analyze this independent variable personnel expenditures affect more than 80% of the total costs of development projects. Therefore, the total duration and the operating grade of the employees were to be analyzed. 

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