Production statistics white

Boron never occurs as a free element but always as a compound. The most common minerals of boron are borax, or sodium borate (Na2B407) kernite (another form of sodium borate) colemanite, or calcium borate (Ca2B< Oii) and ulexite, or sodium calcium borate (NaCaB509). These minerals usually occur as white crystalline deposits in desert areas. As of 2008, Turkey was the largest producer of boron ore. Other major producers of boron materials are Argentina, Chile, Russia, China, Bolivia, and Kazakhstan. Production statistics for the United States were not released in order to protect trade secrets. 

Table 15.1 Production statistics for white and red wine grape cultivars bred in California... 

PRODUCT BFG.xls consists of the chemist s table, a reduced table obtained by casting out data that is not ammenable to statistical analysis such as subjective assessments ( off-white color, characteristic crystal form, pungent smell STEP 1), and the final table that was freed of all inconsistencies by going back to the original data (STEP 2). Various interesting items are highlighted ... 

A cohort mortality study was conducted to compare the mortality rates due to chronic renal disease in 4,519 battery plant workers and 2,300 lead production or smelter workers from 1947 to 1980 (Cooper 1988 Cooper et al. 1985). The mortality data for these workers were compared with national mortality rates for white males. Environmental lead levels and PbB levels were available for only about 30% of all workers for varying time periods from 1947 to 1972. Statistically significant increases in mortality from "other hypertensive disease" and "chronic nephritis" were seen in both lead cohorts. Limitations of this study include the fact that various confounding factors, such as smoking, were not accounted for, and the workers were probably exposed to other toxic chemicals. 

Decolorization of polymeric dyes Poly R-478 (polyanthraquinone-based) and Poly S-l 19 (azo dye) by immobibzed white rot fungus Crysosporium lignorum CL1 on circular plastic packing material in 2L air-lift fermenter was studied by Buckley and Dobson [47]. They also examined the relationship between polymeric dye decolorization and the production of LiP and MnP activity in its statistically growth... 

A cohort of 748 white male workers occupationally exposed to benzene for varying time periods between 1940 and 1949 in 2 manufacturing facilities producing rubber hydrochloride (Pliofilm ) has been studied (Infante 1978 Infante et al. 1977). The initial report (Infante et al. 1977) included evaluation of mortality statistics up to 1975, and the follow-up study (Infante 1978) included evaluation up to 1977. A summary of the overall results is presented here. Included for the study were all white males assigned to Pliofilm production who were hourly employees at any time between January 1, 1940 and December 31, 1949. 

Data from animal studies suggest that exposure to excessive selenium has adverse effects on testosterone levels and sperm production and increases the percentage of abnormal sperm (El-Zarkouny et al. 1999 Kaur and Parshad 1994 NTP 1994). A significant reduction (49%) in serum testosterone levels was reported for New Zealand White rabbits gavaged with 0.3 mg selenium/kg (0.001 mg selenium/kg/day) as sodium selenite once a week for 6 weeks (El-Zarkouny et al. 1999). The percentage of spermatozoa without an acrosome was also increased in treated rabbits compared with controls, but the difference was not significant. Sperm motility, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm output were all reduced by selenium treatment, but statistical analysis of these data was not presented. 

Coal Tar Products. Elevated red and white cell counts in urine were noted in 6-8% (29-34 of 452) of the employees examined in an industrial health survey in nine coal tar plants in which coal tar creosote and coal tar were the main treatments used (TOMA 1981). Some of these cell count elevations were attributed to urinary tract infections resulting from inadequate personal hygiene, and not to industrial exposure to toxic chemicals. However, some of the workers with elevated red and white cell counts in urine had cellular and granular casts and traces of protein, suggesting abnormal renal function. These individuals were referred to their physicians for diagnosis. No determination of exposure was made at the nine coal tar plants (TOMA 1981). Moreover, no clear relationship could be established because exposure routes in addition to inhalation (e.g., oral and dermal) were likely. Also, the ability to relate renal effects to coal tar creosote and coal tar exposure was further confounded by the possibility that the subjects were also exposed to other chemicals and cigarette smoke. Additional limitations of the study included seasonal and geographical variation in plant locations, past employment history, voluntary participation in the study that could have biased it in favor of healthy workers, lack of statistical analyses, lack of adequate controls, and use of only current employees. 

The estimated RR statistic (metal processing, year 2002) shows that the incidence of injurious HLA was relatively much higher in production workers (blue-collar) than in supervisors (white-coUar). 

Textile test specimens vary widely in both physical and chemical characteristics however, most samples can be characterized without any special preparation. Usual samples include fibers, yarns, and fabrics that can be presented directly to most commercial spectrophotometers. It is important to realize that variability within the textile sample is fairly high. A statistical sampling scheme is necessary to achieve a fair representation of a production lot. In the case of fabric samples, several layers of fabric or an appropriate background, such as ceramic or Teflon tile, will be necessary to create diffuse reflectance or transreflectance signals. Textile yarns and fabrics have bidirectional orientations and, hence, either a rotational sample cup or at least three rotations of the stationary cup are necessary to compensate for the differences owing to the sample orientation. Another difficulty with the textile fabrics is that they are usually dyed with various dark or pastel colors. Black and gray samples are more difficult to measure however, using appropriate procedure dyed fabrics are analyzed quite frequently. It is not uncommon to use separate calibrations for (i) white or pastel, (ii) medium shade, and (iii) dark color samples. 

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