Production of poly

The production of polyester fibers leads that of all other types Annual United States production of poly ester fibers is 1 6 million tons versus 1 4 million tons for cotton and 1 0 million tons for nylon Wool and silk trail far behind at 0 04 and 0 01 million tons re spectively... 

Diacyl peroxides are used in a broad spectmm of apphcations, including curing of unsaturated polyester resin compositions, cross-linking of elastomers, production of poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, and polyacrjlates, and in many nonpolymeric addition reactions. 

Although synthetic lubrication oil production amounts to only about 2% of the total market, volume has been increasing rapidly (67). Growth rates of the order of 20% per year for poly( a-olefin)s, 10% for polybutenes, and 8% for esters (28) reflect increasing automotive use and these increases would accelerate if synthetics were adopted for factory fill of engines by automotive manufacturers. The estimated production of poly( a-olefin)s for lubricants appears to be approximately 100,000 m /yr, esters 75,000, poly(alkylene glycol)s 42,000, polybutenes 38,000, phosphates 20,000, and dialkyl benzene 18,000 (28,67). The higher costs reflected in Table 18 (18,28) have restricted the volume of siUcones, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkylpolyethers, and polyphenyl ethers. 

There are numerous further appHcations for which maleic anhydride serves as a raw material. These appHcations prove the versatiHty of this molecule. The popular artificial sweetener aspartame [22839-47-0] is a dipeptide with one amino acid (l-aspartic acid [56-84-8]) which is produced from maleic anhydride as the starting material. Processes have been reported for production of poly(aspartic acid) [26063-13-8] (184—186) with appHcations for this biodegradable polymer aimed at detergent builders, water treatment, and poly(acryHc acid) [9003-01-4] replacement (184,187,188) (see Detergency). 

Only Japan and the United States have significant commercial faciUties for the production of poly(ethylene oxide) resins. In Japan, Meisei Chemical Works Ltd. produces Alkox and Sumitomo Seika Kagaky Co., Ltd., PEO. In the United States, Union Carbide Corp. produces Polyox. Precise figures have not been released on capacities or aimual production. 

Bayer marketed PPS compounds in the United States under the trade name Tedur, but the company has exited the PPS business. PPS is also marketed in the United States by GE Plastics, whose source of neat resin is Tosoh Corporation of Japan. GE Plastics markets PPS under the trade name Supec PPS. Patent activity by Tennessee Eastman describes an alternative process for the production of poly(phenylene sulfide/disulfide), although samples of such product have not appeared as of early 1996. Both Phillips and Hoechst Celanese have aimounced plans to debotdeneck their existing U.S. faciUties in order to meet anticipated market growth. 

A modified ZSM-5 catalyst has a unique shape-selective property for producing -ethyltoluene [622-96-8] selectively by the alkylation of toluene [108-88-3] with ethylene (54). j )-Ethyltoluene is an intermediate in the production of poly -methylstyrene) [24936-41-2] (PPMS), which is reported to have... 

Fig. 14. The belt saponification process as used in the production of poly(vinyl alcohol) (265).

The PVA process is highly capital-iatensive, as separate faciUties are required for the production of poly(viayl acetate), its saponification to PVA, the recovery of unreacted monomer, and the production of acetic acid from the ester formed during alcoholysis. Capital costs are far in excess of those associated with the traditional production of other vinyl resins. 

The cadmium chalcogenide semiconductors (qv) have found numerous appHcations ranging from rectifiers to photoconductive detectors in smoke alarms. Many Cd compounds, eg, sulfide, tungstate, selenide, teUuride, and oxide, are used as phosphors in luminescent screens and scintiUation counters. Glass colored with cadmium sulfoselenides is used as a color filter in spectroscopy and has recently attracted attention as a third-order, nonlinear optical switching material (see Nonlinear optical materials). DiaLkylcadmium compounds are polymerization catalysts for production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mixed with TiCl, they catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

Ninety-six percent of the EDC produced in the United States is converted to vinyl chloride for the production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (1) (see Vinyl polymers). Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CECs). Methjiene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene have wide and varied use as solvents. Methyl chloride is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of silicone. Vinylidene chloride is chiefly used to produce poly (vinylidene chloride) copolymers used in household food wraps (see Vinylidene chloride and poly(vinylidene chloride). Chloroben2enes are important chemical intermediates with end use appHcations including disinfectants, thermoplastics, and room deodorants. 

Trichloroethylene is widely used as a chain-transfer agent in the production of poly(vinyl chloride). An estimated 5500 metric tons are consumed armuahy in this appHcation. 

Other Polyimides. In 1979, Rohm Haas introduced Kamax resin, which was thought to be an /V-methylamine imidization product of poly(methyl methacrylate) (118). The product was then withdrawn, but was reintroduced in the late 1980s. The partly imidized resins are similar to poly(methyl methacrylate) but have a higher glass-transition temperature. 

In 1901 Otto Rohm reported on his studies of acrylic polymers for his doctoral dissertation. His interest in these materials, however, did not cease at this stage and eventually in 1927 the Rohm and Hass concern at Darmstadt, Germany commenced limited production of poly(methyl acrylate) under the trade names... 

In 2002, the world production of polymers (not including synthetic libers and rubbers) was ca. 190 million metric tons. Of these, the combined production of poly(ethylene terephthalate), low- and high-density polyethyelene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, and polyurethane was 152.3 milhon metric tons [1]. These synthetic, petroleum-based polymers are used, inter alia, as engineering plastics, for packing, in the construction-, car-, truck- and food-industry. They are chemically very stable, and can be processed by injection molding, and by extrusion from the melt in a variety of forms. These attractive features, however, are associated with two main problems ... 

Thakur, P., Borah, B., Baruah, S., Nigam, J., 2001. Growth-associated production of poly-... 

Figure 31 The radical initiator (47) based on the oxidation adduct of an alkyl-9-BBN used for the production of poly(methyhnethacrylate) (48) from methylmethacrylate monomer by the radical polymerization route. (Adapted from ref. 69.)...

Since it may be assumed that part of poly(3HB) synthesized is degraded during accumulation, that the equilibrium determines the content of poly(3HB), the molecular mass, and molecular mass distribution, a detailed analysis of the regulation of the poly(3HB) cycle will be useful for a better understanding as well as optimization of industrial production of poly(3HB). 

Table 4. Theoretically possible overall yield coefficients for the production of poly(3HB)...

Depending on the scale of production, an important parameter determining the economic viability of poly(3HB) production (besides overall yield and poly(3HB) content) is productivity. Productivities of poly(3HB) production at-... 

Production of Poly(3HAMCL)s other than Poly(3HB) and... 

Production of Poly(3HAMCL)s with Varied Polymer Backbones. . . 173... 

Various other bacterial strains and processes have been studied by academic groups for the production of poly(3HB) or poly(3HB-co-3HV), several of which are presented here. Some methylotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria are interesting for poly(3HB) production purposes. Methanol is an inexpensive substrate and there is considerable experience in methanol fermentation techno-... 

In summary, many alternative poly(3HB) and poly(3HB-co-3HV) producing strategies have been demonstrated in the past which might be considered for economic evaluation and future production processes. However, it should not be forgotten that all of these bacterial processes may some day have to compete with future alternative processes based on the production of poly(3HB) and poly(3HB-co-3HV) in transgenic plants [38-40]. 

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