Production of antibodies

As shown in Table 2, free DAS, as expected, is its own best displacing agent, whereas only DAS—HMS showed any appreciable displacing capabiUty. This can be expected because the hemisuccinate linker is also immunogenic and leads to the production of antibodies specific for the linker in the polyclonal antibody population. AH the other toxins had at least lOOx less the avidity for the antibody, illustrating the specificity of the aDAS for DAS. 

Scale-up in fixed-bed reactors is limited by the maximum size of the matrix that can be manufactured as a monolith. Hence, this system is appHcable for small- to medium-scale production of antibodies and other proteins, usually for the diagnostic market. This system has been described in greater detail ia the Hterature (22). 

The action should not disturb the immune system, such as cell defence action known as phagocytosis and the production of antibody, which take place naturally in the presence of parasites. 

Artificially acquired immunity against some diseases may require periodic booster injections to keep an adequate antibody level (or antibody titer) circulating in the blood. A booster injection is the administration of an additional dose of die vaccine to boost the production of antibodies to a level diat will maintain die desired immunity. The booster is given months or years after die initial vaccine and may be needed because die life of some antibodies is short. 

Many microorganisms minimize the effects of the host s defence system against them by mimicking the antigenic stmcture of the host tissne. The eventual immunological response of the host to infection then leads to the autoimmune destmction of itself. Thus, infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae can lead to production of antibody against normal Group 0 erythrocytes with concomitant haemolytic anaemia. 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

One particularly novel carrier was reported to consist of 50-70 nm colloidal gold particles of the type often used in cytochemical labeling techniques for microscopy (Pow and Crook, 1993) (Chapter 24). Adsorption of peptide antigens onto gold and subsequent injection of the complex into rabbits in an adjuvant mixture resulted in rapid production of antibody of extremely high titer. The resultant antibodies could be used in immunocytochemistry at dilutions from l-in-250,000 down to l-in-1,000,000, which is orders-of-magnitude beyond the dilutions typically used with lower-titer antibodies. 

R. Wongsamuth, P. M. Doran, Hairy roots as an expression system for production of antibodies, in Hairy Roots Culture and Applications, ed. P. M. Doran, Harwood Academic, Amsterdam, 1997, 89-97. 

He, M. and Khan, F. 2005. Ribosome display next generation display technologies for production of antibodies in vitro. Expert Review of Proteomics 2(3), 421-430. 

As described previously, the humoral immune response results in the proliferation, activation, and subsequent production of antibodies by B cells following antigenic exposure and stimulation. The functionality and interplay between the three primary types of immune cells (macrophage, B cells, and T cells) required to elicit a humoral response can be assessed through various in vitro assays using cells from the peripheral blood or lymphoid tissues. 

Antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. Antigens are usually proteins or polysaccharides, but can be any type of molecule, including small molecules (haptens) coupled to a carrier-protein. 

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