Wooden frames

A rack and frame press uses heavy nylon cloth positioned in a wooden frame inside a rack. A measured amount of apple or other fmit mash is added from a hopper above the frame. The mash is leveled with a hand trowel and the edges of the nylon cloth are folded over the mash to encase it and create a cheese. The frame is removed, and a second rack is placed on top of the first cheese the process is repeated until a stack of cheeses is prepared. A hydrauhc ram then appHes gradually increa sing pressure on the stack and expresses the juice. A high yield of juice (80%) is obtained and no press aid is required. Because this process is labor intensive (17), it is mostly used for small farm and pilot-plant operations. 

Pan evaporation is considered an indication of atmospheric evaporative power. Evaporation from a free surface is related to pan evaporation by a coefficient applied to the pan readings. Most evaporation pans in the U. S. are Class A pans made of unpainted galvanized iron or stainless steel 4 feet in diameter and 10 inches deep. The pans are supported on low wooden frames and are filled with 8 inches of water. 

Ten 10 cm diameter by 305 cm long polyvinyl chloride pipes were supported on wooden frames In the greenhouse. Fifty seven 3.5 cm diameter holes were drilled In a line along the length of each pipe. One end of each pipe was fitted with a fiberglass screen the other end was fitted with an elbow... 

Figure 179. Typical light weight construction with wooden frame and glass windows...

Giant wheels of fire driven by gerbs are effected by binding the fireworks to the rim of rotating wooden frames. Alternatively, drivers can be sited at the ends of a pair of wooden arms, pivoting from a central... 

Steel-frame building walls Well-built wooden-frame building walls Thin brick walls Wire-reinforced glass Unreinforced glass... 

Brattice driers, incorporating a device for removing the dried material (Fig. 44) have been used in Germany. The moist material, spread in a thin layer over cloth stretched on wooden frames (1), is dried in warm air supplied via the ducting (2) at a rate of about 0.5 m/sec. Next to the frame on which the material is dried there is a tin funnel (3) with a built-in sieve in its base. This funnel is connected with the ventilating duct by a flexible tube. Each frame (7) contains about 1.2 kg of fulminate (dry substance). To dry a batch of fulminate at 65-70°C takes... 

Fig. 100. A leather drum for polishing (the latter is stretched on a wooden frame).

The powder is spread on cotton muslin stretched over wooden frames and placed on the shelves. The drier is then closed and the vacuum pump set in motion. The pump usually operates a pressure of 100-150 mm Hg. When the pressure becomes steady, the screws clamping the lids are released, but the lids continue to adhere hermetically to the drier, owing to the reduced pressure created inside. As a safety precaution the driers work in this manner until drying has been completed. Thus should ignition occur the lids are freely detached. This prevents thepowder from burning in a confined space, and exploding, and so destroying the drier. The capacity of the... 

When the dextrin is to be solidified, the boiling sirup is poured into small, shallow tin vessels, placed upon a hot air stove, maintained at a temperature of from 100° to 120°. At the end of twenty-four hours the gum acquires the consistency of jujube paste, and it is then out up, with a pair of shears, into small oblong pieces, which are rolled out upon a polished surface, with a wooden cylinder dusted with pulverised artificial gum and afterwards placed upon wooden frames, where It is allowed to remain drying for three or four days. Thomas suggests that the gum would be much better desiccated by permitting it to run upon a cylinder heated to 230° or 250°, but he adds that the economy of this method is questionable. 

A natural-draft tower has no fans but usually has completely louvered sides and ends to allow wind to pass horizontally through the dripping water. These towers usually have wooden framing, wooden louvered sides and wooden fill or spray nozzles to break up the flow of water. Their framing and louvers may be of noncombustible material. 

The test under glass is carried out in the following manner A piece of the material is stretched on a wooden frame and covered with cardboard which is white on the upper face and black on that in contact with the sample and has a central hole about 8 cm. in diameter. The card is covered with glass and the whole exposed to the light in the open air but protected from the weather. 

Electrodes and diaphragms are kept in position by a wooden frame-work. 

If a window is available, the fen can be mounted on a removable Masonite board. The Masonite should be attached to a lightweight wooden frame that fits over the window to block light. After a darkroom session, the complete Masonite board and light-tight fen can be removed and stored. 

To dry picric acid various drying systems are applied. The chamber drier is the simplest. The design of such a drier, used in the U.S.S.R. is shown in Fig. 121 (after Lebedev [5]). On shelves (I) wooden frames covered with linen are placed. Over each of them about 9 kg of picric acid (calculated on dry mass) is spread, so as to obtain a 3-4 cm thick layer. The heater (2) is located in the passage adjacent to the chamber. The natural flow of the heated (hying air is shown in the diagram. 

Figure 1 Coexistence of the past and present techniques in F F industry classical enfleurage process (photo on the left) and a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction facility as modern factory equipment (on the right). The photo on the left shows a stock of jasmine flowers in the basket (center) that are spread upon a wooden frame (chassis) that secures a glass plate coated with fat. The chassis is then piled to allow diffusion of fragrant components (note that the fat is applied on both sides of the glass plate to gain access to the headspace volume made by the chassis underneath). Enfleurage process photo reproduced from E. Guenther, The Essential Oils with permission from Krieger Publishing Company Melbourne, FL, USA, 1948 (reprinted 2006) Vol. 1, p 192.

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