Processing fundamentals properties

This chapter primarily serves as a review of process fundamentals such as units, dimensions, chemical and physical properties, conservation laws, and engineering principles. 

By changing the device architecture e.g. by building multi- instead of single layer structures the physical and chemical processes in the LED can be greatly altered. For that reason the fundamental properties of the LED, such as threshold voltage, efficiency, emission color, brightness, and lifetime can be optimized in multilayer structures [43J. 

The third approach is called the thermodynamic theory of passive systems. It is based on the following postulates (1) The introduction of the notion of entropy is avoided for nonequilibrium states and the principle of local state is not assumed, (2) The inequality is replaced by an inequality expressing the fundamental property of passivity. This inequality follows from the second law of thermodynamics and the condition of thermodynamic stability. Further the inequality is known to have sense only for states of equilibrium, (3) The temperature is assumed to exist for non-equilibrium states, (4) As a consequence of the fundamental inequality the class of processes under consideration is limited to processes in which deviations from the equilibrium conditions are small. This enables full linearization of the constitutive equations. An important feature of this approach is the clear physical interpretation of all the quantities introduced. 

These two different approaches for attaining an oriented state in flexible-chain and rigid-chain polymers indicate that the fundamental property of macromolecules - their flexibility - is of great importance to the orientation processes. However, the mechanism of the transition into the oriented state and the properties of highly oriented systems exhibit many features characteristic of both rigid- and flexible-chain polymers. 

Overall, this chapter aimed to emphasize and demonstrate the great potential of utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to bimetallic systems that combines computational methods with a number of highly sophisticated in situ and ex situ surface-sensitive techniques at electrified solid-liquid interfaces. Advances in the understanding of fundamental properties that govern catalytic processes at well-defined multimetallic... 

In recent years, there have been numerous studies on alternate anode materials. The areas of interest include carbon-tolerant anode materials, sulfur-tolerant anode materials, and redox-stable anode materials. The idea is that by developing alternative anode materials and structure, the reforming and the desulfurization unit could be eliminated, which would reduce the system complexity and cost dramatically. In this section, the studies into these new, alternative anode materials will be briefly touched upon. Because the number of candidate materials studied is quite large, the amount of study on any individual candidate anode material is rather small, and not much work has been done to reproduce the results reported. Therefore, it is not possible to fully evaluate the real potentials of those new materials proposed by different groups of researchers. Therefore, the focus would be on the fundamental issues for these alternative materials, instead of on the processing and properties of a specific candidate material. 

Using solid-state physics and physical metallurgy concepts, advanced non-destructive electronic tools can be developed to rapidly characterize material properties. Non-destructive tools operate at the electronic level, therefore assessing the electronic structure of the material and any perturbations in the structure due to crystallinity, defects, microstructural phases and their features, manufacturing and processing, and service-induced strains.1 Electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties have all been correlated to fundamental properties of materials.2 5 An analysis of the relationship of physics to properties can be found in Olson et al.1... 

Fine particle powders can be produced by various methods, such as micronization or spray drying. The physicochemical nature of these fine particles largely defines the stability of the bnlk powder, which in turn is critical to the long-term effective performance of the dry powder product. The section Fine Particles and the Solid State in this article is an introduction to understanding better the fundamental properties that underlie the behavior of bulk powders. Commentary on the various means of producing fine powders follows in the section Powder Production Formulation and Processing. ... 

We have reported only the results of the last investigation of fundamental properties of this process. But there are many problems remaining unsolved such as growing mechanism of calcium phosphate, the reason of difference in phosphate removal efficiency between application to wastewater and tap water, and also how contaminants include into growing calcium phosphate. 

The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of materials are the most fundamental properties to be controlled whenever they are utilized in biomedical devices. In Sect. 2, the author will review the role of hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of polymeric materials in protein adsorption processes on their surfaces. It is well-known that protein adsorption is the first event when any of the body fluids encounters artificial materials. 

Disparate elements, which affect economic decisions for bioprocesses, can be combined into a logical approach. An attempt must be made to combine fundamentals of bioreactor design, downstream processing, and properties of biomolecules in the context of process evaluation. The ability to set technical priorities based on economic assessment is essential, and requires communication betv/een researchers, process engineers, technical managers, and marketing managers. 

The central thesis of the theory of the non-steady combustion of powders and explosives developed by Ya.B. in this article is the assumption of rapid readjustability of the gas phase of combustion compared to thermal changes in the condensed phase, which allows us to consider the gas phase as quasi-steady. This fundamental property of burning condensed materials allows us not only to significantly simplify the solution of the problem by reducing it to an analysis of the non-steady temperature distribution in the surface layer of the condensed material, but also not to carry out a detailed analysis of the complex structure of the combustion zone above the material (the multi-stage character of the chemical transformation, thermal decomposition, and gasification of the dispersed particles of condensed material and other processes). 

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