Processing - Fundamental Aspects

Ruhlman, K.T., Jin, Z.T., and Zhang, Q.H. 2001. Physical properties of liquid foods for pulsed electric fields treatment. In Barbosa-Canovas, G.V. and Zhang, Q.W. (Eds.), Pulsed Electric Field in Food Processing Fundamental Aspect and Application, pp. 45-56. Lancaster, PA Technomic Publishing. 

Janeschitz-KrieglH. Crystallization Modalities in Polymer Melt Processing Fundamental Aspects of Structure Formation. New York Springer 2010. 

Pulsed Electric Fields in Food Processing Fundamental Aspects and Applications... 

The first demonstration of catalytic conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons was accompHshed ia 1902 usiag a nickel catalyst (42). The fundamental research and process development on the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide was carried out by Fischer, Tropsch, and Pichler (43). Whereas the chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is complex, generalized stoichiometric relationships are often used to represent the fundamental aspects ... 

The one-dimensional geometry of a radially expanding ring is perhaps the simplest for considering fundamental aspects of the fracture and fragmentation process. In a ductile metal ring, fracture proceeds through the multiple... 

Effects of transport processes cannot be ignored in investigations aimed at more fundamental aspects of kinetics and catalysis. The interaction of chemical and physical processes was noticed a long time ago. M. V. Lomonosov mentioned in 1745 ... 

Budz, J., Jones, A.G. and Mullin, J.W., 1987b. Agglomeration of potassium sulphate in an MSMPR crystallizer. In Fundamental aspects of crystallization and precipitation processes, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Symposium Series, No. 253, 83, New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers, pp. 78-84. 

Except as a limited reference, computer programs are not emphasized anywhere in these volumes. Instead, important mechanical details are given to emphasize the mechanical application of the process requirements (see Figure 2-2). Many of these details are essential to the proper functioning of the process in die hardware. For two fundamental aspects of fluid flow, see Figures 2-1 and 2-3. 

Condensation of A/, vapour can occur on all cool surfaces and the plating process is therefore not selective with regard to Some fundamental aspects concerning the formation and properties of these coatings have recently been considered ". ... 

Introduction Fundamental Aspects of Orientational Processes in Crystallizable... 

The deduction adopted is due to M. Planck (Thermodynamik, 3 Aufl., Kap. 5), and depends fundamentally on the separation of the gas mixture, resulting from continuous evaporation of the solution, into its constituents by means of semipermeable membranes. Another method, depending on such a separation applied directly to the solution, i.e., an osmotic process, is due to van t Hoff, who arrived at the laws of equilibrium in dilute solution from the standpoint of osmotic pressure. The applications of the law of mass-action belong to treatises on chemical statics (cf. Mel lor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics) we shall here consider only one or two cases which serve to illustrate some fundamental aspects of the theory. 

The Caratheodory analysis has shown that a fundamental aspect of the Second Law is that the allowed entropy changes in irreversible adiabatic processes can occur in only one direction. Whether the allowed direction is increasing or decreasing turns out to be inherent in the conventions we adopt for heat and temperature as we will now show. 

Kahn, S. U. M. Some Fundamental Aspects of Electrode Processes 15... 

Presumably the most important kinetie parameter used in the deseription of the kineties of an eleetrode is the exchange current density or the almost equivalent rate constant. It indicates the speed of the heterogeneous process of charging or discharging species at the phase boundary, i.e. the charge transfer process. Its value is influenced by numerous factors of the investigated system. For both applied and fundamental aspects of electrochemical research a list of reported values should be helpful. It concludes this volume. 

Chemical vapor deposition is a synthesis process in which the chemical constituents react in the vapor phase near or on a heated substrate to form a solid deposit. The CVD technology combines several scientific and engineering disciplines including thermodynamics, plasma physics, kinetics, fluid dynamics, and of course chemistry. In this chapter, the fundamental aspects of these disciplines and their relationship will be examined as they relate to CVD. 

Before in situ external reflectance FTIR can be employed quantitatively to the study of near-electrode processes, one final experimental problem must be overcome the determination of the thickness of the thin layer between electrode and window. This is a fundamental aspect of the application of this increasingly important technique, marking an obstacle that must be overcome if it is to attain its true potential, due to the dearth of extinction coefficients in the IR available in the literature. In the study of adsorbed species this determination is unimportant, as the extinction coefficients of the absorption bands of the surface species can be determined via coulometry. 

Martinez A, Diaz RV and Tapia MS. 2000. Microbial Ecology of Spoilage and Pathogenic Flora Associated to Fruits and Vegetables. In Alzamora SM, Tapia MA and Lopez-Malo A, editors. Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables, Fundamental Aspect and Applications. Maryland Aspen, pp. 43-62. 

The objective of this chapter is to highlight fundamental chemical and physicochemical aspects of general importance for sewer systems and in-sewer processes. The contents are selected with this in mind, and the focus is on chemical and physicochemical concepts adapted to this purpose. The chapter is written to serve as a solid background for understanding process-related aspects considering the sewer as a reactor. 

---