Specialty processes

The realization of complete bench-scale micro reactor set-ups is certainly still in its infancy. Nevertheless, the first investigations and proposals point at different generic concepts. First, this stems from the choice of the constructing elements for such set-ups. Either microfluidic components can be exclusively employed (the so-caUed monolithic concept) or mixed with conventional components (the so-called hybrid or multi-scale concept). Secondly, differences concerning the task of a micro-reactor plant exist. The design can be tailor-made for a specific reaction or process (specialty plant) or be designated for various processing tasks (multi-purpose plant). 

Mineral Extraction Processing Specialty Minerals Pigments... 

Agrisynth BLO. [ISP] y-Bubrolactone solvent for PAN, fluorinated hydrocarbons, cdlttlose triacetate, shellac used in paint removers, petrd. processing, specialty inks intermediate for aliphatic and cyclic congxls. reaction and diluent solvent for pesticides. 

BLO . [ISP] ganuna-Butyrolactone solv. used in paint rranovets, petroL inocessing, hectogn process, specialty inks intermediate fat a%hatic and cyclic compds. reaction and diluent solv. for p cides. 

Chem. Descrip. y-Butyrolactone CAS 96-48-0 EINECS/ELINCS 202-509-5 Uses Solvent for PAN, PS, fluorinated hydrocarbons, cellulose triacetate, shellac, used in paint removers, petrol, processing, hectograph process, specialty Inks Intermediate for aliphatic and cyclic compds. reaction and diluent solvent for pesticides dyeing of acetate wetting agent for cellulose acetate films, fibers solvent welding of plastic films in adhesive applies. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate CAS 577-11-7 EINECS/ELINCS 209406-4 Uses Wetting agent, emulsifier, demulsifier for textile wet processing, specialty cleaners dewatering agent for flotation cones., oil spill cleanup blends vise, depressant in emulsion PVC food pkg. adhesives, paper emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

One important class of point-of-use processes utilizes a porous polymer containing reactive metals. Variations in the metal and polymer chemistry are made to optimize the process for different gas appHcations. This is an active area of development and purifiers are available for most of the principal specialty gases. 

The three principal domestic uses for rice in 1988 were direct food (61%), processed food (18%), and beer (20%). The direct food use figure includes the conventional white milled rice plus specialty rice products (parboiled, precooked, aromatic, brown, and prepackaged mixes) shipped directly from the rice mills. The specialty products account for approximately one-fifth of the direct food use. Approximately two-thirds of the direct food use rice is ultimately distributed to consumers through retail outlets and one-third through food service outlets. 

Chloroacetate esters are usually made by removing water from a mixture of chloroacetic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Reaction of alcohol with chloroacetyl chloride is an anhydrous process which Hberates HCl. Chloroacetic acid will react with olefins in the presence of a catalyst to yield chloroacetate esters. Dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid esters are also known. These esters are usehil in synthesis. They are more reactive than the parent acids. Ethyl chloroacetate can be converted to sodium fluoroacetate by reaction with potassium fluoride (see Fluorine compounds, organic). Both methyl and ethyl chloroacetate are used as agricultural and pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty solvents, flavors, and fragrances. Methyl chloroacetate and P ionone undergo a Dar2ens reaction to form an intermediate in the synthesis of Vitamin A. Reaction of methyl chloroacetate with ammonia produces chloroacetamide [79-07-2] C2H ClNO (53). 

Most higher alcohols of commercial importance are primary alcohols secondary alcohols have more limited specialty uses. Detergent range alcohols are apt to be straight chain materials and are made either from natural fats and oils or by petrochemical processes. The plasticizer range alcohols are more likely to be branched chain materials and are made primarily by petrochemical processes. Whereas alcohols made from natural fats and oils are always linear, some petrochemical processes produce linear alcohols and others do not. Industrial manufacturing processes are discussed in Synthetic processes. 

BiaxiaHy oriented films have excellent tensile strength properties and good tear and impact properties. They are especially well regarded for their brilliance and clarity. Essentially all poly(ethylene terephthalate) film is biaxiaHy oriented, and more than 80% of polypropylene film is biaxiaHy oriented. Polystyrene film is oriented, and a lesser amount of polyethylene, polyamide, poly(vinyl chloride), and other polymers are so processed. Some of the specialty films, like polyimides (qv), are also oriented. 

The 35 and 50% H2O2 concentrations are used for most industrial appHcations. The standard grades contain sufficient stabilizers to ensure safety. Grades having lower stabilizer content and evaporative residue are available for specialty uses and for aseptic cleansing of containers in food processing and marketing. 

Specialty Isocyanates. Acyl isocyanates, extensively used in synthetic appHcations, caimot be direcdy synthesized from amides and phosgene. Reactions of acid haUdes with cyanates have been suggested. However, the dominant commercial process utilizes the reaction of carboxamides with oxalyl chloride [79-37-8]. CycHc intermediates have been observed in these reactions which generally give a high yield of the desired products (86). 

Fig. 8. Magnesia manufacturing process, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, Inc.

A. Richmond, Manistee Plant Process and Products Seminar Study and Reference Manual, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, Inc., Baltimore, Md., 1992. 

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