Commercialization results

DMMC-1 has been applied commercially in the 650 kt/a DCC unit of SINOPEC Anqing Company since July 22,2006. The commercial results are listed in Table 5.9 DMMC-1 features better bottoms cracking ability and improved product distribution. 

To improve bottoms cracking activity and coke selectivity of RFCC catalysts, novel zeolites and matrices have been developed recently. Commercial results showed that both VRCC-1 catalyst containing SOY zeolite and RSC-2006 based on silica modified alumina matrix have demonstrated excellent bottoms cracking capability and... 

Thus, it is no surprise that commercialization results are far from optimal. University research that could be converted to useful products is done not at all or done imperfectly. In a process sense, the latter stages of the development process can have very low first-pass yield. Consider as well the education process. Due to the lack of experiential understanding of the reality of the business world, students can emerge from the process essentially poorly educated. For example, as a result, those entrepreneurial graduates who start their own companies are prone to make mistakes—not just unavoidable mistakes but mistakes that could have been avoided. 

Laboratory scale PQC evaluation studies are usually conducted in fixed bed reactors such as MAT, the results from which can provide a reliable and rapid means of ranking catalyst performance [4]. Depending upon the conditions employed, the effect of added ZSM-5 can also be predicted [5] and can give the same trends as those experienced in commercial reactors. For example, the effect of 2.5 wt% addition of ZSM-5 on gas oil cracking yields with Quantum 2000 is described in Table 1. In this example, a 4% reduction in gasoline yield occurs, predominantly from 105°C+ material. The L.P.G. composition indicates an enhancement of propene, butenes, and iso-butane, in agreement with commercial results and, furthermore, the relative increase in the individual butenes are similar to those reported by Schipper et al [1]. 

Low Oxygen CPS Deactivation As noted earlier, commercial results (7) indicate that there is a large difference in both activity and selectivity of catalysts from full combustion and partial combustion FCC units. The variation in yields is due to the oxidation states of both Ni and V, as described in the previous section however, the variation in activity is primarily due to the oxidation state of the V, which is very destructive to the zeolite in its oxidized form. Therefore, modifications to laboratory deactivation procedures are required to simulate the deactivation of catalysts from full and partial combustion FCC units. All of the standard deactivation procedures discussed so far have been aimed at simulating full combustion. The modified CPS procedure described in the previous section does change the final metal oxidation state to a reduced state similar to what one would expect from a partial combustion unit however, throughout most of the deactivation, the metals on the catalyst are exposed to full combustion conditions. As such, the zeolite destruction is higher than that expected from a partial combustion unit. 

Since different origins of resid feedstock are hydrotreated in the commercial fixed bed unit, an issue how to correct the commercial result is raised to compare them with pilot test results. The difference in the liquid mass velocity and the oil distributor efficiency between the pilot and commercial units is another important issue for determining the correlation between both units. The performance of catalyst was, therefore, evaluated under the normalized conditions applicable to the results of both units. 

Assuming that the correction with the feedstock properties includes all the differences between the pilot and commercial unit, and that each commercial unit has the optimum correction equations with the feedstock properties, pilot test results obtained at a liquid mass velocity of above 70 Ibs/ft hr and commercial results were corrected with the feedstock properties to get the optimum correlation between two. 

A further highlight was introduced by R. Noyori in the 1980s when an efficient stereoselective hydrogen migration (allylamine —> enamine) was found to occur with Rh catalysts containing the BINAP diphosphine ligand of axial chirality (see Scheme 3 and Section 2.9). An L-menthol synthesis with an annual production of 2000 tons was the first commercial result of this development at Takasago Perfumery Co. Ltd. in Japan [66]. 

The Mizushima Oil Refinery of Japan Energy Corporation first implemented an operation of vacuum residue hydrodesulfiirization in the conventional fixed bed reactor system in 1980. We have also conducted a high conversion operation to produce more middle distillates as well as lower the viscosity of the product fuel oil to save valuable gas oil which is used to adjust the viscosity. Vacuum residue hydrodesulfurization in fixed bed reactors mvolves the characteristic problems such as hot spot occurrence and pressure-drop build-up. There has been very little literature available discussing these problems based on commercial results. JafiFe analyzed hot spot phenomena in a gas phase fixed bed reactor mathematically, assuming an existence of the local flow disturbance region [1]. However, no cause of flow disturbance was discussed. To seek for appropriate solutions, we postulated causes ofhot spot occurrence and pressure-drop build-up by conducting process data analysis, chemical analysis of the used catalysts, and cold flow model tests. This paper describes our solutions to these problems, which have been demonstrated in the commercial operations. 

Figure 7. Percent Vanadium Removed From E-Cat Commercial Results.

Both these catalysts are extremely suitable for "Short Contact Time" riser designs where high activity is desired via the combination of high concentration of RE-USY zeolite with Selective Active Matrices. Excellent commercial results with SAM matrix catalysts recently obtained in several "Short Contact Riser" FCC units in Europe have confirmed the advantages of this technology[5]. 

K. M. Brown, Commercial Results with UOP MEROX Process for Mercaptan Extraction in US. and Canada, UOP Booklet 267, UOP, Inc., Des Plaines, hi., 1960. 

Little has been published about the commercial results obtainable by the use of dual-function catalysts. However, it can be stated that, when either n-butane or n-pentane is charged, isomerization proceeds to thermodynamic equilibrium, with selectivities in the range of 90-95%. 

In the IFP- RAM II process, a second catalytic bed constituted of sulfided nickel [124], maintained at a temperature lower than that used for the first one, aUows a complete elimination of metallic mercury (see Section 18.5). Typical commercial results are excellent (see Section 18.5), less than 3ppb of each contaminant in the process effluent as threshold limit for analysis, 1 ppb of each as expectation. 

Fewer details have been published on the phenomena that occur during alkylation reactions with solid catalysts than with liquid catalysts. With solid catalysts, which are porous, most of the reactants diffuse into the catalyst pores, then various reactions occur, and finally most of the reaction products diffuse out of the pores. For the alkylation of isobutane, the catalyst quickly deactivates regardless of the catalyst chosen or the specific operating conditions employed. Such deactivation is apparently due to rather high molecular weight by-products that fail to diffuse from the pores. The diffusivity values for different molecules in the pores obviously depend on their molecular weight and shapes. For the alkylation of aromatics, solid catalysts have been found that undergo deactivation much slower. On the basis of commercial results, catalysts have been found that do not need to be reactivated or replaced for several years. 

KINETIC CONSIDERATIONS SUPPORT EXPERIMENTAL AND COMMERCIAL RESULTS... 

Phosphorus-Nitrogen Polymers. The most extensively investigated class of such polymers is the polyphosphazenes, which have been reviewed in regard to flame retardancy (143) and which are discussed in a separate article in this Encyclopedia. Research on polymeric phosphonamides, phosphoramides, and phosphorimides has not as yet led to commercial results. 

This class of acids 259 constituted a novel feature and a deviation from the natural model compound chrysanthemic acid. Originating from structure-activity considerations on the similarity of pyrethroid and DDT by Holan [512], they improved the understanding of molecular shape and insecticidal activity. The commercial result of this ideas is cycloprothrin. 

SIMS has experienced extensive growth and sophistication over the past few decades with its commercialization resulting in the availability of numerous stand-alone instruments (price tags range from several hundred thousand to several... 

Marruffo, F., W. Sarmiento, and A. Alcala. 2001. Orimulsion , recent commercial results. Proc. 26 Intonational Technical Confnence on Coal Utilization Fuel Systems. March 5-8. Clearwater, FL. Pp. 681-701. 

The first commercial result of the cyanoacrylate research work was Eastman 910 , a methyl ester based adhesive which was introduced in 1958. First thought to be an interesting, expensive curiosity, the new adhesive gradually began to build a unique and substantial niche for itself when used for bonding small parts that were difficult to assemble with conventional adhesives, or by mechanical means. Today over 1000 tons of various cyanoacrylate... 

Table 5.7 presents the commercial results obtained with three feeds (vacuum residue from different crude oils, 538°C+) having CCR ranging from 22 to 31 wt% and 2.3 to 7.9°API. The typical behavior is observed, i.e., increasing the CCR of the feed causes increase in the production of coke, gas, and naphtha and decrease in the production of gasoil. 

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