Process diagrams flowsheets

The path diagram provides the big picture for mass flow from a species viewpoint. This is a fundamentally different vision from the equipment-oriented description of a process (the flowsheet), in which the big picture is lost. The path diagram can also be used to determine the effect on the rest of the diagram of manipulating any node. In addition, as will be shown later, it provides a systematic way for identifying where to remove the pollutants and to what extent they should be removed. 

Corumbatai Pilot Plant. The flowsheet in Figure 3 shows the main process diagram and its equipment. 

Transformation of the process diagram into a corresponding simulation flowsheet is illustrated in the lower part of Fig. 6.5. In principle all plant elements may be represented by a separate model. For practical applications, though, it is sufficient to take into account only a time delay as well as the dispersion of the peak until it enters the column. This can be achieved by a pipe-flow model that includes axial dispersion. The detector (including some connecting pipes) can be represented by a stirred-tank model. 

FLOWSHEETER = Process diagram calculation software package. Examples ASPEN , PROII , HYSIS . 

Equipment is represented symbolically by icons that identify specific unit operations. Although the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) [2] publishes a set of symbols to use in preparing flowsheets, it is not uncommon for companies to use in-house symbols. A comprehensive set of symbols is also given by Austin [2]. Whatever set of symbols is used, there is seldom a problem in identifying the operation represented by each icon. Figure 1.4 contains a list of the symbols used in process diagrams presented in this text. This list covers more than 90% of those needed in fluid (gas or liquid) processes. 

Preliminary Process Flowsheet. This will show major equipment and lines, preliminary equipment details (vessel diameter, number of trays, pump flow and driver horsepower, etc.), major instrumentation, and, it is hoped, have a material balance at the bottom of each drawing with flows keyed to a numbering system on the diagram. The process flowsheets should cover both the process and utility sides of the plant. 

Combined Process and Piping Flowsheet or Diagram, Figures... 

Current technolog) allows the use of computer programs and data bases to construct an accurate and detailed flowsheet. This may be a process type diagram or a piping and mechanical/instrument diagram, depending on the input. See Figures 1-9, 1-10, 1-18A and 1-18B. 

The present description pertaining to copper refers to solvent extraction of copper at the Bluebird Mine, Miami. When the plant became operational in the first quarter of 1968 it used L1X 64, but L1X 64N was introduced in to its operation from late 1968. The ore consists of the oxidized minerals, chrysocolla and lesser amounts of azurite and malachite. A heap leaching process is adopted for this copper resource. Heap-leached copper solution is subjected to solvent extraction operation, the extractant being a solution of 7-8% L1X 64N incorporated in kerosene diluent. The extraction process flowsheet is shown in Figure 5.20. The extraction equilibrium diagram portrayed in Figure 5.21 (A) shows the condi-... 

Another widely used safety analysis method in process industry is the Hazard and Operability Analysis, better known as Hazop (Kletz, 1992). The conventional Hazop is developed to identify probable process disturbances when complete process and instrumentation diagrams are available. Therefore it is not very applicable to conceptual process design. Kletz has also mentioned a Hazop of a flowsheet, which can be used in preliminary process design, but it is not widely used. More usable method in preliminary process design is PIIS (Edwards and Lawrence, 1993), which has been developed to select safe process routes. 

Flowsheet. A schematic diagram is shown in Figure 3. The process consists of a single bed of relatively small adsorbent particles (40 to 80 mesh, or 177 to 420 microns, for example). 

Processes often differ in terms of the process conditions, e.g. high-pressure and low-pressure processes, or the type of reactor that is used, e.g. gas-phase catalytic reactor or liquid-phase CSTR. These differences should be clearly marked on both the simple block diagrams for each process and the detailed process flowsheets, they often determine which process route is ultimately selected. Many older, established processes were operated under conditions of high pressure or high temperature (mainly in the reactor), whereas the newer processes have often been improved by operation under less severe conditions. 

The equipment list is used in conjunction with the process flow diagram (or P ID). Each item of equipment on the flowsheet should be assigned a unique reference number, and that number is used to cross-reference items in the equipment list. Particular letters may be used to identify similar items of equipment, e.g. reactors as Rxxx, pumps as P-001, etc. 

Block diagrams of the linear openloop process are shown in Figure 7.4. The two alternative flowsheets are labeled FS1, in which no furnace is used, and FS2, in which a furnace is used. The reactor transfer function is GR(s), representing the adiabatic tubular reactor. The reactor by itself is openloop-stable. In Figure 7.4a a simple first-order... 

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