Process Chemistry Prizes

Astra Zeneca/CSK/Pfizer process chemistry prizes ACS CCI pharmaceutical roundtable research grants... 

Table 7.4 compiles some of the results reported by Ishii et al. [30b]. Professor Ishii and Daicel Chem were awarded the 2003 Green and Sustainable Chemistry Prize for their efforts in the development of NHPI-based industrial processes with low environmental impact. 

F. Haber s catalytic synthesis of NH3 developed in collaboration with C. Bosch into a large-scale industrial process by 1913. (Hater was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements Bosch shared the 1931 Nobel Prize for contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods , the Hater synthesis of NH3 being the first high-pressure industrial process.)... 

The imaginative exploitation of these and related reactions by G. A. Olah and his group have had an enormous impact on our understanding of organic catalytic processes and on their industrial application, as recognized by the award to Olah of the 1994 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. 

Lars Onsager was a Noiwegian-Americaii chemist and physicist who received the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. ... 

The process used to prepare fluorine was developed by Henri Moissan in Paris more than a century ago it won him one of the early (1906) Nobel Prizes in chemistry. The electrolyte is a mixture of HF and KF in a 2 1 mole ratio. At 100°C, fluorine is generated by the decomposition of hydrogen fluoride ... 

Attempts were made to quantitatively treat the elementary process in electrode reactions since the 1920s by J. A. V. Butler (the transfer of a metal ion from the solution into a metal lattice) and by J. Horiuti and M. Polanyi (the reduction of the oxonium ion with formation of a hydrogen atom adsorbed on the electrode). In its initial form, the theory of the elementary process of electron transfer was presented by R. Gurney, J. B. E. Randles, and H. Gerischer. Fundamental work on electron transfer in polar media, namely, in a homogeneous redox reaction as well as in the elementary step in the electrode reaction was made by R. A. Marcus (Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1992), R. R. Dogonadze, and V. G. Levich. 

P. Mitchell (Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1978) explained these facts by his chemiosmotic theory. This theory is based on the ordering of successive oxidation processes into reaction sequences called loops. Each loop consists of two basic processes, one of which is oriented in the direction away from the matrix surface of the internal membrane into the intracristal space and connected with the transfer of electrons together with protons. The second process is oriented in the opposite direction and is connected with the transfer of electrons alone. Figure 6.27 depicts the first Mitchell loop, whose first step involves reduction of NAD+ (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide) by the carbonaceous substrate, SH2. In this process, two electrons and two protons are transferred from the matrix space. The protons are accumulated in the intracristal space, while electrons are transferred in the opposite direction by the reduction of the oxidized form of the Fe-S protein. This reduces a further component of the electron transport chain on the matrix side of the membrane and the process is repeated. The final process is the reduction of molecular oxygen with the reduced form of cytochrome oxidase. It would appear that this reaction sequence includes not only loops but also a proton pump, i.e. an enzymatic system that can employ the energy of the redox step in the electron transfer chain for translocation of protons from the matrix space into the intracristal space. 

Shell" and Biotechnology. Xanthan is manufactured by fermentation, a biotechnological process. How could "Shell", an oil company, be interested in such processes The Royal Dutch/Shell Group is, however, no newcomer to biotechnology. The Milstead Laboratory of Chemical Enzymology was set up in 1962 and was headed by Professor John Cornforth, who went on to win the 1975 Nobel prize for Chemistry shortly after he retired. In 1970 a fermentation laboratory was built on the same site. 

Ziegler-Natta Also called Z-N. A general name for the family of olefin polymerization processes invented by K. Ziegler and G. Natta in the 1950s. Ziegler and Natta were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1963 for their discoveries. See Natta, Ziegler (1). 

The Nobel Prize in chemistry for 1956 was awarded to Hinshelwood and N. N. Semenoff for their work in kinetics, including chain processes and collisions. 

Cell signalling and signal transduction are topics of great research interest, partly because defects of these processes are associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and obesity. In recognition of this is the fact that a number of Nobel Prizes for Medicine or Chemistry have been awarded to researchers of cell communication. This chapter describes the nature of the disparate signalling molecules and how they regulate the activity of their targets. 

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