Procedure table

Shaping. The calcined powders must be milled and a binder (usually organic materials) added if necessary for the forming procedure. Table 1 summarizes this procedure (25). 

The properties of a botanical gum are determined by its source, the climate, season of harvest, and extraction and purification procedures. Table 6 illustrates one of the important basic properties of all gums, ie, the relationship between concentration and solution viscosity. The considerable viscosity variation observed among gums from different sources determines, in part, their uses. 

The egg products are finally processed and spray-dried. Sometimes Hquid egg whites are concentrated before spray-drying by ultrafiltration (qv) or reverse osmosis procedures. Table 5 presents the effect of egg quaUty on the different egg product manufacturing processes. 

Both diethylphosphonofluoroacetic acid [75] and diethylphosphonofluoroace-tonitnle [76] have been used in olefination procedures (Table 25)... 

The guideline states that the objective of validation is to demonstrate that an analytical method is fit for its purpose and summarizes the characteristics required of tests for identification, control of impurities and assay procedures (Table 13-2). As such, it applies to chiral drug substances as to any other active ingredients. Requirements for other analytical procedures may be added in due course. 

It should be noted that although ASTM A262 1986 provides details of test procedures no information is given on typical corrosion rates or acceptable limits for various heat-treated alloys, which are regarded as outside the province of a specification that describes test procedures. Table 19.4, taken from a paper by Brown, shows the maximum acceptable evaluation test rates specified by the Du Pont Company for various alloys tested by the acid... 

Quantitative analysis of multicomponent additive packages in polymers is difficult subject matter, as evidenced by results of round-robins [110,118,119]. Sample inhomogeneity is often greater than the error in analysis. In procedures entailing extraction/chromatography, the main uncertainty lies in the extraction stage. Chromatographic methods have become a ubiquitous part of quantitative chemical analysis. Dissolution procedures (without precipitation) lead to the most reliable quantitative results, provided that total dissolution can be achieved follow-up SEC-GC is molecular mass-limited by the requirements of GC. Of the various solid-state procedures (Table 10.27), only TG, SHS, and eventually Py, lead to easily obtainable accurate quantitation. 

Based on the values of Cpcdd/fs [46], Ccipahs [38], and CBfrs in e-waste, the annual mass emissions of selected PCDD/F and C1PAH congeners and BFRs from e-waste are estimated (Table 3). The lowest annual mass emission of PBDEs is about 82,207 tons/year, with 70,607 tons/year from importation and 11,600 tons/ year from domestic generation (Table 3). Nona- and deca-BDEs are the most important congeners as they are the major constituents of BRFs in electronic equipment [77]. In addition, the annual mass emissions of PBBs, TBBPA, and PBPs are also estimated with the same procedure (Table 3). Obviously, importation is responsible for the majority of annual mass emissions of e-waste-derived organic pollutants in China (Table 3). 

Below is a review of the chemical extractants and their extraction order, in sequence, in the selective sequential dissolution procedures (Table 4.5). 

Results of preliminary experiments showed that only root tip cells of V. faba, A. cepa, P. sativum and T. turgidum responded positively to the Feulgen procedure (Table 4), with an evident appearance of MN and ATT anomalies (Fig. 1), which were more abundant in V. faba than in P. sativum (Fig. 2). The other plant species examined yielded a poor staining of the nuclear material, thus discouraging their use in successive experiments. 

By careful control of these parameters aluminium may be separated, and few interferences are observed if the precipitation is carried out from an ammoniacal-cyanide-EDTA solution. When large amounts of Ca or Mg are present the homogeneous precipitation procedure (Table 5.18) is usefully employed at pH = 5. The precipitate is readily filtered and may be weighed after drying at 150°C as the anhydrous compound. 

Excellent recoveries of bromine (bromide) were obtained on soil samples by this procedure (Table 12.3). 

The following estimations of various pharmaceutical substances can also be carried out by the aforesaid procedure (Table 5.3) ... 

The barriers for this reaction calculated for a range of higher-level procedures (Table 6.22) [49] show that the CBS methods agree well with experiment while their G2 counterparts generally overestimate the... 

EHM has also been applied for the calculations of optimum coordination numbers 226> in hydrated alkali ions (Table 20). The affinities of alkali ions to NN -dimethylacetamide and methylacetate were estimated by Kostetsky et al. 227>, using the CNDO/2 procedure (Table 21). As long as the ions are constrained to lie in the peptide- or ester planes, correct trends are obtained, but relaxation of this constraint reveals serious discrepancies to ab initio calculations. The CNDO procedure artificially stabilizes structures with nonpolar bonding geometries,... 

Amides [41,44], thioamides [41 ] and amidines [45] are converted into nitriles by the reaction with dichlorocarbenes generated by Makosza s procedure (Table 7.16). Under similar conditions, monosubstituted and A.A-disubstituted ureas are converted into cyanamides (Table 7.17) JV,(V -disubstituted ureas produce carbodi-imides in low yield [41,46,47]. /V-Carbamoyl derivatives of dibenzo[/ /]diazepines and the related 10, l l-oxirane derivatives are converted into the corresponding... 

Water may be found in the crude either in an emulsified form or in large droplets. The quantity is generally limited by pipeline companies and by refiners, and steps are normally taken at the wellhead to reduce the water content as low as possible. However, after a spill, water can be introduced by climatic conditions, and the relevant tests (ASTM D96, D954, D1796 IP, 2004) are regarded as important in crude oil analyses. Prior to analyses, it is often necessary to separate the water from a crude oil sample, and this is usually carried out by one of the procedures described in the preliminary distillation of crude petroleum (IP 24). Overall, there are several methods that can be employed for organic semivolatile sample preparation and cleanup procedures (Table 6.4). 

In another series of e q>eriments in this laboratory (U), it was found that the particle size of the coal fraction used affected the ash level in the filtered coal extract solution. In these e q>eriments, the coal sample, which is nominally < 200 pm, was divided into different size fractions by sieving, and each fraction digested using the normal procedure. Table 3 shows the results obtained with Point of Ayr and Calverton coals. Note that the Point of Ayr coal was a different batch to that used for the results described previously, with a simil analysis except for ash, which was higher at 19 %. 

MZ purification procedure (Tables I and II). Although the results are very similar from a global point of view, it has been found that in certain cases (e.g., BeH2 molecule) the latter procedure yields 2-RDMs and 2-HRDMs that oscillate markedly before converging toward positive matrices. Another important difference betweeen the results concerns the spin G-conditions. Thus, although these conditions are not imposed in the I-MZ procedure, the negativity/positivity of the spin components of the 2-G matrix are corrected as effectively as the... 

The first observation of the c/x-dihydroxylation reaction with RuO was made by Sharpless et al. in 1976, who noted that E and Z-cyclododecene were oxidised by stoich. RuO /EtOAc/-78 C to the threo and erythro diols [299]. Later RuCyaq. Na(IO )/EtOAc-CH3CN/0 C was used and reaction conditions optimised for many alkenes [300] a useful paper with good practical examples discusses the scope and limitations of the procedure (Table 3.2) [301]. Later oxidations were done with stoich. RuOyaq. acetone/-70 C [302] the same reagent converted A, and A steroids to cw-diols, ketones or acids [303], while RuO /aq. Na(10 )/acetone gave diones and acids [304]. 

To ensure compatibility with the Royal Society of Chemistry s food composition tables, predetermined screening procedures were used (Table 4.6), which were derived from those outlined for the nutrient tables." All publications and reports on flavonoid content of foods were subsequently evaluated employing the screening procedures (Table 4.6). In brief, inclusion criteria were (a) randomly selected food items purchased from various commercial outlets during different seasons of the year, (b) food samples prepared using normal domestic... 

General methodology includes preparation of the solid texture. The measurement techniques may be the application of forces such as pure stress (also strain), shear, or their combinations and the measurement of the resistance to this procedure (Table III). Also used are special methods such Table III. Measurable Properties of Texture... 

All radioimmunoassays published thereafter, except those described by Hock and Liemann (38), Freebairn and Crosby (39), and Pohlschmidt et al. (40), were based on a similar procedure (Table 28.2). However, Hock and Liemann (38) applied a more simplified extraction/cleanup procedure for the analysis of chloramphenicol residues in animal tissues, milk, urine, and plasma. In this assay, competitive inhibition between chloramphenicol labeled with " C and antibody has been demonstrated. 

The examination of alternative solvent extraction sequences in this experiment, Aliquot A versus E, showed the sequence from nonpolar to polar solvent to be more efficient in extracting mutagens from the sample (Table II). This result could explain the lower recoveries of mutagenic activity via the modified Hites procedure compared with the recoveries found with the milling procedure (Table I). The published Hites method (18, 19) was used in this study, that is, extraction with isopropyl alcohol followed by benzene. Therefore, the results from our experiment suggest that a nonpolar to polar solvent sequence gives better recoveries of mutagenic components from a sample. 

The graphite furnace method can also be used as described in the bomb combustion procedure. Table V compares graphite furnace values with conventional flame AAS or NBS neutron activation analyses. 

Figure 10.5 shows the separation of the TMSI derivatives of a standard steroid mixture on an XE-60 column using this procedure. Table 10.2 lists the abbreviations used on these chromatograms. Figure 10.6 is the chromatogram obtained from the separation of the TMS derivatives of the steroids extracted from normal urine according to the above procedure. 

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