Problems requiring research

The first set of implications can best be discussed under three headings, related to crops, animals and processing. 

---

A low temperature of approach for the network reduces utihties but raises heat-transfer area requirements. Research has shown that for most of the pubhshed problems, utility costs are normally more important than annualized capital costs. For this reason, AI is chosen eady in the network design as part of the first tier of the solution. The temperature of approach, AI, for the network is not necessarily the same as the minimum temperature of approach, AT that should be used for individual exchangers. This difference is significant for industrial problems in which multiple shells may be necessary to exchange the heat requited for a given match (5). The economic choice for AT depends on whether the process environment is heater- or refrigeration-dependent and on the shape of the composite curves, ie, whether approximately parallel or severely pinched. In cmde-oil units, the range of AI is usually 10—20°C. By definition, AT A AT. The best relative value of these temperature differences depends on the particular problem under study. 

To say that Minsky and Papert s stinging, but not wholly undeserved, criticism of the capabilities of simple perceptrons was taken hard by perceptron researchers, would be an understatement. They were completely correct in their assessment of the limited abilities of simple perceptrons and they were correct in pointing out that XOR-like problems require perceptrons with more than one decision layer. Where Minsky and Papert erred - and erred strongly - was in their conclusion that since no learning rule for multi-layered nets was then known and will never be found, perceptrons represent a dead end field of research. ... 

Allelopathy is newly emerging multidisciplinary field of agricultural research. A lot of allelopathy research work has been done in various fields of agriculture and plant sciences. However, standard methods are not being used by workers due to lack of a compendium on the techniques, and hence the results obtained are not easily comparable with each other. This causes problems to researchers working in underdeveloped / third world countries in small towns, where library and research facilities are not available. Therefore, to make available the standard methods for conducting allelopathy research work, this multi-volume book has been planned, with one volume each for each discipline. In all the conferences held since 1990 s a need has always been felt for a manual on allelopathy research methods. This book series aims to provide basic information about various methods to research workers, so that they can conduct research independently without the requirement of sophisticated equipments. The methods have been described in a simple way just like a DO IT YOURSELF book. 

Research on global climate change poses some of the most daunting challenges to scientists of any environmental problem. It involves many complex human and natural factors interacting in ways that are often poorly understood by scientists, requiring researchers to... 

A low temperature of approach for the network reduces utilities but raises heat-transfer area requirements. Research has shown that for most of the published problems, utility costs are normally more important than annualized capital costs. For this reason, AT is chosen early in the network design as part of the first tier of the solution. The temperature of approach, A 7, for the network is not necessarily the same as the minimum temperature of... 

The materials studied displayed relatively low glass transition temperatures and therefore poor orientational stability. Future studies should be directed to solving this problem. Additional research is required to improve the efficiency of photoinitiation for materials with strong absorptions in the visible region of the spectrum. Other issues such as strain caused by shrinkage during crosslinking need to be addressed. 

Even though one does not technically need a permit to import material that has been inactivated by preservation or extraction, customs officials may not be able to judge whether particular specimens or tissue are safe, and it is within their power to confiscate questionable material until its safety can be verified. To avoid such problems, the researcher should contact the appropriate agency above if a permit is not required, then a letter to that effect should be obtained from the agency. 

The foregoing has implications for (1) the problems in organic farming that require research, (2) the nature of the research that is needed, (3) the organisational structure of the required research activity and (4) the way in which such research can be funded. 

M. Yoshimine, The use of direct access devices in problems requiring the reordering of long lists of data, Technical Report RJ-555, IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California, 1969. 

An important cost consideration in cleaner production initiatives is the cost of any necessary technology. Many environmental problems require novel technical solutions based on research and development, involving cost, time, and technical risk. Uncertainties in estimating Tier 1,2, and 3 costs, and the costs of technology development, invite a probabilistic approach to estimation of costs, revenues, and related profitability. This approach was adopted by Moilanen and Martin, for example, using expected inonetary values or risk-weighted cash flows. 

Meeting the researchable problems requires solutions through the improvement of innate immune systems of farm animals to... 

---