Problems of Production

Although these arguments were often made from the perspectives of those profiting from labour, the workforce were also brought into the production debates of the early legislation, positioned by some on the same side as their employers. For example, the argument was made that people wanted to work for as long as they could (irrespective of safety concerns), simply so they could 

This shifts the workforce onto the side of production, bringing further support to the valuing of industry and output above all else, whilst also negating concerns of long working hours, working conditions and indeed safety. However, this argument does not itself get to the core of this issue - that of piecework, which is simply assumed common practice and readily accepted within hazardous industrial workplaces, despite the obvious rewards to the owners at the expense of the workforce. 

The balance between safety and production, and the role of government and legislation in its control, was neatly summed up in these early debates by Sir G. Grey (1844)  

Legislative interference. .. how far it could be carried consistently with safety - and how far for the interests of the operatives on the one hand, and the interests of the country on the other... 

It is somewhat ironic that the term safety actually appears within this text, but it is the safety of the country, the economy and the role of parliament, and not the worker to which it is referring. And indeed from these early debates onwards, judgements of time and 

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As an example, we mention the detection of iodine atoms in their P3/2 ground state with a 3 + 2 multiphoton ionization process at a laser wavelength of 474.3 run. Excited iodine atoms ( Pi/2) can also be detected selectively as the resonance condition is reached at a different laser wavelength of 477.7 run. As an example, figure B2.5.17 hows REMPI iodine atom detection after IR laser photolysis of CF I. This pump-probe experiment involves two, delayed, laser pulses, with a 200 ns IR photolysis pulse and a 10 ns probe pulse, which detects iodine atoms at different times during and after the photolysis pulse. This experiment illustrates a frindamental problem of product detection by multiphoton ionization with its high intensity, the short-wavelength probe laser radiation alone can photolyse the... 

Actual problems of production and application of ferro- and piezoelectric materials) NIITEKhIM, Moscow, (1984) 469. 

Reactive and heat-sensitive components must be removed early to avoid problems of product degradation. 

Biphasic systems, in which the catalyst is designed to be dissolved in a liquid phase which is immiscible with the product (either with or without a separate solvent) potentially provide some of the most attractive solutions to the problem of product... 

A wide variety of new approaches to the problem of product separation in homogeneous catalysis has been discussed in the preceding chapters. Few of the new approaches has so far been commercialised, with the exceptions of a the use of aqueous biphasic systems for propene hydroformylation (Chapter 5) and the use of a phosphonium based ionic liquid for the Lewis acid catalysed isomerisation of butadiene monoxide to dihydrofuran (see Equation 9.1). This process has been operated by Eastman for the last 8 years without any loss or replenishment of ionic liquid [1], It has the advantage that the product is sufficiently volatile to be distilled from the reactor at the reaction temperature so the process can be run continuously with built in product catalyst separation. Production of lower volatility products by such a process would be more problematic. A side reaction leads to the conversion of butadiene oxide to high molecular weight oligomers. The ionic liquid has been designed to facilitate their separation from the catalyst (see Section 9.7)... 

It overcomes problems of product safety. Direct extraction of product from some native biological sources has, in the past, led to the unwitting transmission of disease. Examples include the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via infected blood products and the transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to persons receiving human growth hormone (GH) preparations derived from human pituitaries. 

Chemical process systems are subject to uncertainties due to many random events such as raw material variations, demand fluctuations, equipment failures, and so on. In this chapter we will utilize stochastic programming (SP) methods to deal with these uncertainties that are typically employed in computational finance applications. These methods have been very useful in screening alternatives on the basis of the expected value of economic criteria as well as the economic and operational risks involved. Several approaches have been reported in the literature addressing the problem of production planning under uncertainty. Extensive reviews surveying various issues in this area can be found in Applequist et al. (1997), Shah (1998), Cheng, Subrahmanian, and Westerberg (2005) and Mendez et al. (2006). 

SCCO2 has considerable attractions as a solvent for many other reactions, especially where there are problems of product separation (see Section 9.1.5), since merely a reduction in pressure is often sufficient to separate products from CO2. 

Pneumatic conveying belongs to the well established processes for transporting a vast variety of bulk solids. Especially in the handling of granular polymers it is used extensively. Nevertheless, the problem of product degradation due to attrition is unresolved to date. This is partly due to the fact that research was focused on different topics like bend erosion or pipe wear [1,2]. But with the increas-... 

In this paper, the problem of product non-uniformity is placed in perspective as we consider the simple case of flow between parallel plates with a flat velocity profile accompanied by a first order reaction. The system equations involved are non-dimensionalized and four parameters identified. A systematic attempt is made to explore a host of constrained and unconstrained wall temperature profiles that alleviate the problem of product non-uniformity at the reactor outlet. Work is already underway to study similar problems in complex polymerization systems, and some preliminary results are reported here. 

Silica-supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) catalysis has been developed as an alternative approach to address the problem of product isolation, a methodology well known from aqueous catalysis, and an overview of SILP-hydroformylation reactions in ionic liquids is given in Table 4.4.[631... 

There have been numerous attempts to overcome the technical problems of product separation from homogeneously catalyzed systems by attaching the catalyst... 

The problem of product contamination with phosphine-derived by-products has led others to investigate the use of phosphine alternatives in Sonogashira coupling reactions. N-heterocyclic carbenes (e.g. (9)) have found use in a wide variety of cross-coupling reactions, including the Sonogashira protocol. Similarly, Najera showed that oxime... 

The difficulty of attaching a single value of energy of activation to the decomposition of propane is related to the problem of product inhibition. This is pointed out in Ref. 1 and has been discussed previously by others, including one author of this chapter (2,3). 

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