Toner particle

Adhesion of Toner to Surface of Carrier Particle. Toner particles stick to the surface of the carrier particles when they are mixed. This forms a developer complex 3,4 (see Fig. XII.5). The carrier particles fulfill auxiliary functions, i.e., they impart a charge to the toner particles, opposite in sign to the charge of the semiconductor layer 1, and they deliver the charged particles to this layer. 

Figure 12 Enlarged images of the intersection of two perpendicular lines produced by conventional (A) and ER (B) toners. The ER toner is the composite particles (toner particles) consisting of color pigments (phthalocyanine blue and brilliant carmine 6B), titanium dioxide, and binder resin (copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate), and dispersed in isopar L (from Exxon Chemicals). Reproduced with permission from Y. Otsubo, and Y. Suda, J. Colloid Inter . Sci., 253 (2002)224...

Liquid toners are suspensions of toner particles in a fluid carrier. The carrier is typically a hydrocarbon. Dielectric, chemical, and mechanical properties of the Hquid must be compatible with the photoreceptor, the suspended toner particles, and the materials of the development equipment. Liquid toners are capable of producing higher resolution than dry toners because of the smaller (3—5 -lm) particle size achievable. Development of the latent image occurs as it passes through a bath of toner and the charged particles are attracted to the oppositely charged surface. 

Typical papers processed using wash deinking are 100% old newspaper and sorted office paper from which toner ink-printed paper has been removed. The effluent from washers is heavily laden with ink, mineral coating and filler particles, and small cellulose fibers. As a result, it can be difficult to clarify. 

Cleaners are most efficient on relatively large particles, 80—300 pm in diameter (see Fig. 1). Flat toner ink particles can fragment during processing, therefore it is probably best to locate mechanical cleaners early in the sequence of office paper deinking unit operations (40). 

Fig. 11. Magnified photograph of a single carrier bead, 100 micrometers in diameter, showing smaller, attached toner particles.

Triboelectricity. For development to occur, the toner particles must be reproducibly charged to the correct level and polarity for the specific photoreceptor. The phenomena of triboelectricity, which involves the transfer of charge from one soHd to another, are exceedingly complex, involving the surfaces of soHds and interaction of the surfaces with each other and with the ambient (52). Consequentiy, the specific experimental observations are highly sensitive to the nature and purity of the materials, the physical and chemical state of both surfaces, and the precise details of the experiments performed. 

Fig. 12. Charge-to-mass, /Af, distribution of individual (—) toner and (—) toner-carrier particles produced by milling. Particles are initially positively or...

Fig. 14. Two-component magnetic bmsh development showing (a) the magnetic carrier particles (large circles) carrying toner (—), which within the magnetic field of the rotating permanent magnets, behave as individual bar magnets and (b) the production of a developed image. See text.

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