Prevalence of stroke

Bots ML, Looman S), Koudstaal Pj et al. (1996). Prevalence of stroke in the general population. The Rotterdam study. Stroke 27 1499-1501... 

Wroe SJ, Sandercock P, Bamford J et al. (1992). Diurnal variation in the incidence of stroke the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. British Medical Journal 304 155-157 Wyller TB, Bautz-Holter E, Holmen J (1994). Prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disabihty in North Trondelag County Norway. Cerebrovascular Diseases 4 421-427... 

Epidemiologic and clinical data have associated excess sodium intake with hypertension. Population-based studies indicate that high-salt diets are associated with a high prevalence of stroke and hypertension. Conversely, low-salt diets are associated with a low prevalence of hypertension. Clinical studies have shown consistently that dietary sodium restriction lowers BP in many (but not all) patients with elevated BP. The exact mechanisms by which excess sodium leads to hypertension are not known. However, they may be linked to increased circulating natriuretic hormone, which would inhibit intracellular sodium transport, causing increased vascular reactivity and increased BP. 

The prevalence of neuropathic pain is unknown because of the lack of epidemiologic studies. Current estimates suggest that approximately 1.5% of the population in the United States may be affected by neuropathic pain.7 However, this figure is probably an underestimate and will likely increase due to the increase in disorders associated with neuropathic pain in the ever-growing older population. Approximately 25% to 50% of all pain clinic visits are related to neuropathic pain.8 Central neuropathic pain is estimated to occur in 2% to 8% of all stroke patients.9... 

As the prevalence of obesity increases worldwide, so does the prevalence of associated co-morbidities type-2 diabetes, chronic obstructive sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease (hyper-tension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, stroke and peripheral vascular disease), fatty liver disease, various malignancies (Table 7.2), gallstones, subfertility, musculo-skeletal problems and depression. 

Hypertension is a sustained, reproducible increase in blood pressure. Hypertension is one of the most common diseases affecting adults living in industrialized nations. In the United States, for example, hypertension occurs in approximately 30% of the general population aged 20 and over.44 The prevalence of this disease can be even higher in certain subpopulations (e.g., 41% in African Americans), and the incidence of hypertension increases with age.44,45 If left untreated, the sustained increase in blood pressure associated with hypertension can lead to cardiovascular problems (stroke, heart failure), renal disease, and blindness.15,22 108 111 These and other medical problems ultimately lead to an increased mortality rate in hypertensive individuals. 

Couderc R, Mahieux F, Bailleul S, Fenelon G, Mary R, Fermanian J. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E phenotypes in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A case-control study. Stroke 1993 24 661-664. 

Ness J, Aronow WS. Prevalence of coexistence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease in older persons, mean age 80 years, in an academic hospital-based geriatrics practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 47 1255-1256. 

Pujia A, Rubba P Spencer M P Prevalence of extracranial carotid artery disease detectable by echo-Doppler in an elderly population. Stroke 1992 23 818-822. 

Stroke prevalence is the total number of people with stroke in a population at a given time and is usually measured by cross-sectional surveys (Box 1.2). It is a function of stroke incidence and survival and, therefore, varies over time and between populations with differing age and sex structures. In the UK, stroke prevalence is approximately 5/1000 population and in 65 to 74 year olds is approximately 50/1000 in men and 25/1000 in... 

South Asian populations. People of South Asian origin in the UK have a high prevalence of coronary heart disease and stroke, central obesity (as evidenced by high waist-to-hip ratio), insulin resistance, non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes and hypertension (Cappuccio 1997 Kain et al. 2002 Bhopal et al. 2005). This increase in vascular risk seems to be partly a result of genetic susceptibility, such as high serum lipoprotein A levels, and partly dietary- and lifestyle-induced changes in lipid levels. 

Rolfs A, Bottcher T, Zschiesche M et al. (2005). Prevalence of Fabry disease in patients with cryptogenic stroke a prospective study. Lancet 366 1794-1796... 

Bornebroek M, Westemdorp RGJ, Haan J et al. (1997). Mortality from hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch type. The impact of sex parental transmission and year of birth. Brain 120 2243-2249 Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. (1997). Early haemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke 28 1-5 Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Torner JC et al. (1996). Incidence and prevalence of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted, County Minnesota 1965 to 1992. Neurology 46 949-952... 

The prevalence of aortic aneurysm in patients with stroke and TIA is unknown but is likely to be high, particularly if the patient has carotid stenosis (Ch. 6). 

Table 13.4. Pooled prevalence of various cardiac abnormalities on transthoracic echocardiography in patients with ischemic stroke without prior known cardiac disease...

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