Urine pregnancy

QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS. Normally the presence of high quantities of the organic acid is sufficient for diagnosis. However, quantification is sometimes required. To do this, serial amounts of the individual acid must be carried through the derivatization, and a calibration curve set up. The various acids show widely different responses to the argon detector. From the standard curves the amounts can be derived by interpolation. Calculation on the basis of urine dilution must be included as well as the aliquot of the final solution that was taken for injection. The procedure for this is similar to that described for estriol in pregnancy urine. 

Fig. 6.13. Gradient CEC separation of derivatized urinary neutral steroids extracted from pregnancy urine. (Reprinted with permission from [37]. Copyright 2000 Elsevier). Conditions Column 35 cm (active length 25 cm) x 100 pm i.d., mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile-water-240 mmol/L phosphate buffer pH 3 from 35 60 5 to 65 30 5 in 15 min 600 V/cm injection 100 V/cm for 10 s. Peaks labeling reagent 1, 11-P-hydroxyandrosterone 2, dehydroisoandrosterone 3, estrone 4, spiked androsterone 5.

Adlercreutz and Hunneman [245,246] have used single ion monitoring to quantitate twelve oestrogens in pregnancy urine with high sensitivity. As little as 10 pg was sufficient to permit analysis. 

Increasing use of Sephadex G-types, LH-20 and Bio-Gel P types for adsorption chromatography has been made. For example a number of methods have been reported for the determination of oestrogens, from pregnancy urine on G-15 [197] and from plasma on LH-20 [198]. Xanthurenic acid in urine has been determined using a procedure based on adsorption to Sephadex [199] and serum uric acid has been purified by adsorption to Bio-Gel P-2 [200]. The binding of thyroid hormones to Sephadex is well known [201] and forms the basis of a number of thyroid function tests [202, 203]. A number of kits based on Sephadex are commercially available and some of these kits were recently compared [204],... 

The occurrence and identification of enterolactone (4S ) in human pregnancy urine and other mammalian sources (44,45) attracted immediate interest in... 

Histidine in Normal and in Pregnancy Urines. J. biol. Chem. 137,255 (1941)-... 

Qualitative tests for CG in blood or urine are primarily used for the confirmation of pregnancy. Urine CG tests usually suffice to diagnose normal pregnancy when it has progressed beyond the first week after the first missed period. However, qualitative serum pregnancy tests can detect pregnancy earlier, and quantitative serum tests can help reveal problems in early pregnancy. 

Derivation Isolated from human and mare pregnancy urine, commercial synthesis from cholesterol or ergosterol. 

Also occurring in bovine colostrum and human (pregnancy) urine [148]. 

In the first place the discovery of the secretion of DHA-sulfate by the adrenal cortex in apparently major quantities suggested a hitherto completely unsuspected role of steroid sulfates in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism. Second, a number of steroid metabolites conjugated with two molecules of glucuronic or sulfuric acid were discovered, particularly in pregnancy urine, amniotic fluid, and in perfused placentofetal preparations. Finally, isotopic studies revealed several cases in which administered doubly labeled steroid conjugates were metabolized in the steroid part of the molecule without hydrolysis of the conjugate (e.g., D4, R5 cf. B5). 

E., Isolation of 15a-hydroxy-estriol from pregnancy urine and from the urine of newborn infants. Acta Endocrinol. 66, 413-423 (1967). 

Estrogens. The biosynthetic relationship of the ovarian female sex hormones to androstenedione (their precursor), to cholesterol, and to each other is outlined in Figure 14-6. Estrone [3-hydroxy-l,3,5(10)-estratriene-17-one] was the first sex hormone to be isolated (Doisy et al., 1930 Butenand, 1930). Estradiol, which has been established as the true female sex hormone, is about 10 times more potent than estrone. It was not isolated for five years and took the extraction of 4 tons of sow ovaries to produce a little more than 10 mg of the hormone. Estrone was initially isolated from human pregnancy urine. 

C 78.69%, H 11.32%, O 9.98%. Progesterone metabolite. Isoln from human pregnancy urine Beall, Biochem. J. 31, 35 (1937) from bulls urine Marker el at., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 2931 (1938). Prepn by reduction of 5 -pregn-l ene-3,20-diotie with lithium aluminum hydride Schiitt, Tamm, Helv, Chim. Acta 41, 1751 (1958). 

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