Potassium sulfide, naming

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

A salt derived from a hydracid is named according to the nonmetal present in the parent acid, and the salt will end in - ide . The metallic part of the salt is named first. The prefix hydro is dropped and suffix - ic (of the acid) is changed to - ide . HC1 HBr HCN H2S Sodium chloride (NaCl) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) Potassium bromide (KBr) Zinc bromide (ZnBr2) Sodium cyanide (NaCN) Potassium sulfide (K2S)... 

Similar to the pH meter, gas meters employ specific ion electrodes. The electrodes generate a potential proportional to the activity of a specific ion in solution. The calibration is achieved in standard solution and results read in mV or concentration in mg/L or ppm on the meter. The water can be adapted to monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chloride, calcium, potassium and sodium to name a few. 

Lithium forms the following compounds lithium oxide, LiaO lithium hydroxide, LiOH lithium sulfide, Li2S. Name and write the formulas of the corresponding sodium and potassium compounds. 

Diethyl mercaptoacetal has been prepared by treating diethyl bromoacetal with potassium hydrosulfide 3 by the reduction of 1,1,11 -tetraethoxyethyl disulfide 3 with lithium aluminum hydride by reduction of 1,1-diethoxyethyl benzyl sulfide,3 41,1,1/,1/-tetraethoxyethyl disulfide,3 and 1,1,1, 1 -tetracthoxyethyl polysulfide 3 with sodium and liquid ammonia. The method described is adapted from the last-named preparation. Dimethyl mercaptoacetal has been prepared by the same methods.3... 

Two processes are known by the Giammarco-Vetrocoke name. Both processes use an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium carbonate and arsenite to absorb acid gases. Some variations of the process use glycine instead of arsenite to activate the potassium carbonate solution. In one process, the solution is used to extract carbon dioxide from natural gas or synthesis gas. In the other, hydrogen sulfide is extracted from coke-oven or synthesis gas and yields elemental sulfur from a complex sequence of reactions. In 1992, more than 200 plants were operating1. 

More commonly, but incorrectly, named thiophthalic anhydride and sometimes referred to as phthaloyl monosulfide or o-phthalyl sulfide, this compound (104) may be prepared by heating phthalic anhydride with sodium sulfide125 or by heating phthaloyl chloride with potassium hydrogen sulfide,126 hydrogen sulfide,127 or ethanolic sodium disulfide.128 The reaction between phthaloyl chloride and hydrogen sulfide also gives phthalic anhydride and di-o-phthaloyl disulfide.127 Early attempts to prepare 104 have been described by Chakravarti.126 4-Nitrophthalic thioanhydride may be prepared by hydrolysis of 8 (R = N02 X = C1) (Section III, A).22... 

Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is great potential for confusing them. Write the correct chemical formulas to distinguish between (a) calcium sulfide and calcium hydrogen sulfide, (b) hydrobromic acid and bromic acid, (c) aluminum nitride and aluminum nitrite, (d) iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide, (e) ammonia and ammonium ion, (f) potassium sulfite and potassium bisulfite, (g) mercurous chloride and mercuric chloride, (h) chloric acid and perchloric add. 

For example, in naming KCl, the metal is written first, potassium, followed by the non-metal, chloride potassium chloride. To write the name of C02S2, you first name the metal, which is cobalt, followed by the non-metal, sulfur, to get cobalt sulfide. See Chapter 9 for more naming examples. 

Solution In going from the name of an ionic compound to its chemical formula, you must know the charges of the ions to determine the subscripts, (a) The potassium ion is and the sulfide ion is. Because ionic compounds are electrically neutral, two... 

Even the name antimony is shrouded in alchemical mystery and, like other such terms, is most likely a corruption of some Arabic word or phrase so as to appear Greek or Latin. The Latin stibium, formerly used for the element and still the root for the names of many of its compounds, may very well have the same (but unknown) Arabic root. Stibnite, or the stibic stone, what we know today as antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3, was used by the ancients as a cosmetic to darken and beautify eyebrows. Rhazes, the tenth-century Persian physician and alchemist, described metallic antimony, but it is not known when this brittle gray metal was first isolated. Early uses include the potassium antimony tartrate salt as an emetic (vomiting inducer) and the metal with lead in type metal alloys. 

Modifications of these formulas called for the use of sodium, potassium, barium, and ammonium sulfides, which were claimed to produce different shades, but almost all sulfide colors are now produced from solutions of polysulfides, which are sold in concentrated form under a number of trade names. 

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