Salts potassium

CH3 [CHJb-COOH. M.p. 31 5"C, b.p. 268-270 C. A fatty acid, occurring in wool as the potassium salt, as esters in fusel oil, and as glycerides in cows and goats milk and coconut and palm oils. 

CH2CI-CO-CH3. Colourless lachrymatory liquid b.p. 119°C. Manufactured by treating propanone with bleaching powder or chlorine. It is used as a tear gas and is usually mixed with the more potent bromoacetone. chloro acids Complex chloroanions are formed by most elements of the periodic table by solution of oxides or chlorides in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Potassium salts are precipitated from solution when potassium chloride is added to a solution of the chloro acid, the free acids are generally unstable. 

White crystals m.p. 162-164 C. ll can be prepared by the fermentation of sugar with the mould Aspergillus lerreus or by healing citra-conic anhydride with water at ISO C. Electrolysis of the potassium salt in solution gives allene. Itaconic acid is used as a comonomer in plastics its esters are polymerized to lubricating oils and plasticizers. 

CH OfiSj, H2C(S03H)2- a colourless, crystalline solid which readily absorbs water vapour decomposes on distillation. The potassium salt is prepared by heating methylene chloride with an aqueous solution of potassium sulphite under pressure at 150-I60" C. The free acid is obtained by decomposing the sparingly soluble barium salt with sulphuric acid. The aryl esters are very stable, but the alkyl esters decompose on heating to give ethers. Resembles malonic acid in some of its reactions. 

KCl —NaCl —MgS04) and in many brines. Separated by fractional crystallization, soluble water and lower alcohols. Used in fertilizer production and to produce other potassium salts. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Some clay minerals may absorb some of the water contained in the drilling mud. This will cause the clays to swe//and eventually reduce the borehole size to the point where the drill pipe becomes stuck. Prevention mud additives which prevent clay swelling e.g. potassium salt. 

Figure C2.10.5. Magnitude of the Fourier transfonn of tire /c-weighted absorjDtion fine stmcture k (/c) measured at tire Cu K edge for tire underiDotential deposition of Cu/Au(l 11) from 0.1 M KCIO +IO M HCIO +S x 10 M Cu (010 )2+10 M potassium salt of sulfate, chloride, bromide and a mixture of sulfate and chloride, for polarization of tire x-rays parallel to tire sample surface ( ) or parallel to tire surface nonnal (E (from [81]).

Sodium sulphate crystallises out in hydrated form (common ion effect) and is filtered off on concentration, sodium dichromate is obtained. For analytical purposes, the potassium salt. K2Cr20-. is preferred potassium chloride is added and the less soluble potassium dichromate obtained. 

Copper(II) ions in aqueous solution are readily obtained from any copper-containing material. The reactions with (a) alkali (p. 430), (b) concentrated ammonia (p 413) and (c) hydrogen sulphide (p. 413) provide satisfactory tests for aqueous copper(II) ions. A further test is to add a hexacyanoferrate(II) (usually as the potassium salt) when a chocolate-brown precipitate of copper(II) hexacyanoferrate(II) is obtained ... 

Sodium dichromate is used instead of the potassium salt because it is far more soluble in water, and is not precipitated from its aqueous solution by addition of the ethanol. It is also cheaper than the potassium salt, but has the disadvantage of being deliquescent. 

Pure ethyl hydrogen sulphate is difficult to prepare, as it is an oily liquid, very soluble in water, and easily hydrolysed. It is therefore usually isolated as the potassium salt, since potassium ethyl sulphate crystallises well from water, and is not readily hydrolysed in neutral or weakly alkaline solution. 

To prepare the potassium salt, the mixture of ethanol and sulphuric acid is boiled under reflux, cooled, and treated with an excess of calcium carbonate. 

When benzii is heated with potassium hydroxide solution, it undergoes a molecular rearrangement with the formation of the potassium salt of benzilic acid, or diphenyl lycollic acid ... 

To obtain the free acid, dissolve the potassium salt in 50 ml. of cold water, filter the solution if a small undissolved residue remains, and then boil the clear solution gently whilst dilute sulphuric acid is added until the separation of the acid is complete. Cool the solution and filter off the pale orange-coloured crystals of the benzilic acid wash the crystals on the filter with some hot distilled water, drain well, and then dry in a desiccator. Yield of crude acid, 4 g. Recrystallise from benzene (about 50 ml.) to which a small quantity of animal charcoal has been added, filtering the boiling solution through a preheated funnel fitted w ith a fluted filter-paper, as the benzilic acid readily crystallises as the solution cools alternatively, recrystallise from much hot water. The benzilic acid is obtained as colourless crystals, m.p. 150°. 

Collidine 2i5 d carboxylic acid. Boil a mixture of 5 g. of the ester (II) and 50 ml. of 15% ethanolic potash under reflux for 30 minutes. The dipotassium salt crystallises during the boiling and during the subsequent cooling. Filter off the potassium salt at the pump and wash it with a small quantity of ethanol. Dilute the filtrate with about an equal volume of ether to precipitate a further small crop of the salt. Yield of combined crops 4 5 g. from 5 g. of the estei (I). 

By hydrolysis of substituted malonic esters with 50 per cent, potassium hydroxide, followed by decarboxylation of the resulting malonic add by heating above the m.p. or, better, by rendering the aqueous solution of the potassium salt of the dibasic acid strongly acid and refluxing the mixture, for example ... 

The residue in the flask will contain the sodium (or potassium) salt of the acid together with excess of alkali. Just acidify with dilute sulphuric acid and observe whether a crystalline acid separates if it does, filter, recrystallise and identify (Section 111,85). If no crystaUine solid is obtained, the solution may be just neutralised to phenolphthalein and the solution of the alkali salt used for the preparation of a crystaUine derivative. This wiU confirm, if necessary, the results of hydrolysis by method 1. If the time factor is important, either method 1 or the product of the caustic alkali hydrolysis may be used for the identification of the acid. 

It is frequently advisable in the routine examination of an ester, and before any derivatives are considered, to determine the saponification equivalent of the ester. In order to ensure that complete hydrolysis takes place in a comparatively short time, the quantitative saponi fication is conducted with a standardised alcoholic solution of caustic alkali—preferably potassium hydroxide since the potassium salts of organic acids are usuaUy more soluble than the sodium salts. A knowledge of the b.p. and the saponification equivalent of the unknown ester would provide the basis for a fairly accurate approximation of the size of the ester molecule. It must, however, be borne in mind that certain structures may effect the values of the equivalent thus aliphatic halo genated esters may consume alkali because of hydrolysis of part of the halogen during the determination, nitro esters may be reduced by the alkaline hydrolysis medium, etc. 

Vigorous oxidation of a monosaccharide (e.g., with dUute nitric acid) produces carboxyl groups at both ends of the chain. Thus galactose gives the sparingly soluble mucic acid glucose affords the soluble saccharic acid, which is best isolated as the sparingly soluble acid potassium salt. 

Saccharic acid. Use the filtrate A) from the above oxidation of lactose or, alternatively, employ the product obtained by evaporating 10 g. of glucose with 100 ml. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1 15, until a syrupy residue remains and then dissolving in 30 ml. of water. Exactly neutralise at the boiling point with a concentrated solution of potassium carbonate, acidify with acetic acid, and concentrate again to a thick syrup. Upon the addition of 50 per cent, acetic acid, acid potassium saccharate sepa rates out. Filter at the pump and recrystaUise from a small quantity of hot water to remove the attendant oxahc acid. It is necessary to isolate the saccharic acid as the acid potassium salt since the acid is very soluble in water. The purity may be confirmed by conversion into the silver salt (Section 111,103) and determination of the silver content by ignition. 

Perkin reaction. The condensation of an aromatic aldehyde with an acid anhydride in the presence of the sodium or potassium salt of the acid... 

Aryl sulphonic acids, either free or in the form of tlieir sodium or potassium salts, are converted into the acid chlorides by reaction with phosphorus peutu-chloride or phosphorus oxychloride, for example ... 

The condensation of aldehydes and ketones with succinic esters in the presence of sodium ethoxide is known as the Stobbe condensation. The reaction with sodium ethoxide is comparatively slow and a httlo reduction of the ketonic compound to the carbinol usually occurs a shorter reaction time and a better yield is generally obtained with the more powerful condensing agent potassium ieri.-butoxide or with sodium hydride. Thus benzophenone condenses with diethyl succinate in the presence of potassium [Pg.919]

The residue in the flask is either a solution or a suspension of the potassium salt of the acid derived from the ester in diethylene glycol. Add 10 ml. of water and 10 ml. of ethyl alcohol to the residue and shake until thoroughly mixed. Then add a drop or two of phenolphthalein and dilute sulphuric acid, dropwise, until just acid. Allow the mixture to stand for about 5 minutes and then Alter the potassium sulphate. Use the clear filtrate for the preparation of a sohd derivative or two of the acid (see Section 111,85,4). 

An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. 

Another method for deallylation of ally esters is the transfer of the allyl group to reactive nucleophiles. Amines such as morpholine are used[415-417], Potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids are used as an accepter of the allyl group[418]. The method is applied to the protection and deprotection of the acid function in rather unstable /f-lactam 664[419,420]. 

Use of aprotic solvents increases the quantity of exocyclic N-alkylation the potassium salt of A -(2-thiazolyDcaTbamate heated in DMF with 2-phthalimidoethyl bromide gives predominantly exocyclic N-alkylation (70% 47a, 30% 47b) (Scheme 34) (131). 

Methylamino)-4-methylselenazole was obtained by methylation of the potassium salt of 2-acetamido-4-methylselenazole with methyl iodide, followed by hydrolysis (Scheme 13) (26). 

During a relatively long period, the condensation of rhodanines with aldehydes was developed, especially by Andreasch s group (78-87). Finally, Holmberg (88, 89) described the best method to obtain rhodanines the condensation of ammonium dithiocarbamate with a sodium or potassium salt of an a-chloro acid. 

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