Potassium river water

According to modem standards mineral fertilizers are partitioned into two groups standardized and non-standardized. The standardized fertilizers include nitrogen, phosphoms, potassium, complex, and micro-fertilizers that contain the nutrients at the standard basis. The non-standardized fertilizers are municipal wastewater effluents, municipal solid wastes, polluted river waters used for irrigation, etc., which are not characterized by standard content of nutrients. However one should add that in all fertilizers including standardized type there are the admixtures, which pollute the agrolandscape. The known examples are phosphoms fertilizers and any municipal waste and wastewater with a pool of heavy metals and various organic pollutants. 

Fig. 2.1.9. Mass chromatograms (m/z 58) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides as their corresponding alkyldimethylamines and the internal standard (undecyldimethyl-amine) (a) prior to debenzylation and (b) after Hofmann degradation with potassium tert-butoxide and El mass spectra detected in river water. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [141]. 2001 by American Chemical Society.

Most cation exchange occurs in estuaries and the coastal ocean due to the large difference in cation concentrations between river and seawater. As riverborne clay minerals enter seawater, exchangeable potassium and calcium are displaced by sodium and magnesium because the Na /K and Mg /Ca ratios are higher in seawater than in river water. Trace metals are similarly displaced. 

The other reason why the average salinity of seawater is 35%o lies in the fundamental chemistry of major ions. For example, the sevenfold increase in the Na /K ratio between river water and seawater (Table 21.8) reflects the lower affinity of marine rocks for sodium as compared to potassium. In other words, the sodium sink is not as effective as the one for potassium. Thus, more sodium remains in seawater, with its upper limit, in theory, being controlled by the solubility of halite. Likewise, the Ca /Mg ° ratio in seawater is 12-fold lower than that of river water due to the highly effective removal of calcium through the formation of biogenic calcite. 

Also called vapour-phase interferences or cation enhancement. In the air-acetylene flame, the intensity of rubidium absorption can be doubled by the addition of potassium. This is caused by ionization suppression (see Section 2.2.3), but if uncorrected will lead to substantial positive errors when the samples contain easily ionized elements and the standards do not. An example is when river water containing varying levels of sodium is to be analysed for a lithium tracer, and the standards, containing pure lithium chloride solutions, do not contain any ionization suppressor. 

Figure 9. Analysis of anions and cations in river water using tartaric acid/18-crown-6/methanol-water eluent with a carboxylated polyacylate stationary phase in the protonated form. Ions 1) sulfate 2) chloride 3) nitrate 4) eluent dip 5) unknown 6) sodium 7) ammonium 8) potassium 9) magnesium 10) calcium (from ref. 80)...

Spicher R.G. Potassium Permanganate Effects on Organic Refractories from River Waters. Ph.D.thesis,Wash. Univ. St.Louis, Mo, 1963. 

The contaminants observed changed over the years. In the 1980s the main cause was the high salt content of the river water, as a result of dumping by the potassium industry in the Alsace (1983, 1985,1986 and 1989). The year 1986 also saw the Sandoz incident that led to 9 days with no intake. Most alarms were caused by the presence of high concentrations of biocides. These were Endosulphan in 1969, 2,4-D in 1986, Isophorone and Mecoprop in 1988, and Metamitron in 1990. Since then Isoproturon has been the dominant factor that caused closing down of the water intake. This occurred in 1994, 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2002 (in the last two years Chlortoluron was also involved), and affected a total of 103 days in those five years. 

The addition of Savannah river water to the SRP water systems imparted a chemical signature to receiving waters. Generally, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, sodium and potassium concentrations of the receiving streams or reservoirs increased relative to nonimpacted areas (13). In addition, the chemistry of the non-thermally impacted water systems was influenced by the groundwater as it led to an increase in Ca and alkalinity concentrations in watersheds, fed by groundwater. 

Potassium River, tap water l lv/v benzene chlorobenzene UV-Vis 1 x 10-6 mol L-1 C-FIA membrane for phase separation K-crown ether associated with anionic azo dye [479]... 

S. Motomizu, M. Onoda, M. Oshima, T. Iwachido, Spectrophotometric determination of potassium in river water based on solvent extraction of the complex formed with a crown ether and an anionic azo dye using flow injection, Analyst 113 (1988) 743. 

Using a new method, the catalytic kinetic method of analysis, Beklemishev et al. (1997) measured the concentrations of manganese in tap and river water. Their analytical method relies on an indicator reaction that is catalyzed by Mn(Il) (the oxidation of 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethylbenzidine [TMB] by potassium periodate [KIO4]) and is carried out on the surface of a paper-based sorbent. The advantages of this new technique are that it has a much lower detection limit (0.005 pg/L) than do established methods and is transportable, allowing it to be used for rapid tests in the field (i.e., spot tests and similar procedures). 

In the river waters, the most common soluble species are HC03, S04 and Cl anions accounting, respectively, for48.8%, 10.0% and 5.3% of the sum oftotal soluble compounds. Among the cations, calcium (10.8%), magnesium (2.7%) and potassium (1.2%) are typical. The other elements are present in various trace amounts. 

Unlike river water, sea water contains considerably more magnesium than calcium (Table I). Calcium is precipitated in the sea as carbonates and used by various forms of sea life to form shells. Another interesting fact about sea water is that the potassium content is nearly equivalent to the calcium content. 

T. Iwachido, M. Onoda, and S. Motomizu, Determination of Potassium in River Water by Solvent Extraction-Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Sci., 2 (1986) 493. 

ISEs have been used for the determination of sodium and potassium in bile, nerve and muscle tissue, kidneys, blood plasma, urine, and other body fluids. ISEs are used for the analysis of ions in sea water, river water, and industrial water and wastewater, as well as in a wide variety of commercial products, such as personal care and cosmetic products. The advantages of ISEs are that they are fast, with response times < 1 min for most ISEs they are nondestructive, have a linear range of about six orders of magnitude in concentration, usually over the 10 to 1 M range, and they can be used in turbid or highly colored solutions. The disadvantages are that a different electrode is needed for each ionic species, the electrodes are selective but not specific, so interferences can occur, and the electrodes can become plugged or contaminated by components of the sample. The ionic species must be in solution and in the proper oxidation state to be detected by the electrode. 

Uranium is also generally associated with acid (and intermediate) rocks— their average concentration is about 4.65 ppm. As a result of weathering and alteration it forms—unlike potassium and thorium—soluble salts, which are transported in sea and river water. The salts are unstable and go into... 

Numerous accidental spills of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide into rivers and streams have resulted in massive kills of fishes, amphibians, aquatic insects, and aquatic vegetation. Sources of poisonings were storage reservoirs of concentrated solutions, overturned rail tank cars, or discharge of substances generating free HCN in the water from hydrolysis or decomposition (Leduc... 

Jurka and Carter [50] have described an automated determination of down to O.lpg L 1 mercury in river sediment samples. This method is based on the automated procedure of El-Awady [51] for the determination of total mercury in waters and waste waters in which potassium persulphate and sulphuric acid were used to digest samples for analysis by the cold vapour technique. These workers proved that the use of potassium permanganate as an additional oxidizing agent was unnecessary. 

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