Lithium chloride solutions

Lithium Chloride. Of the metal haUdes, calcium bromide [7789-41-5] CaBr2, ziac chloride [7646-85-7] ZnCl2, CaCl2, and lithium chloride [7447-41-8] LiCl, (Class 1, nonregenerative) are the most effective for water removal (4). AH are available ia the form of dehquescent crystals. The hydrates of LiCl are LiCl-nH2 O, where n = 1, 2, or 3. Lithium chloride solutions are more stable ia air and less corrosive than the other metal haUdes. The high solubihty of lithium carbonate [554-13-2] Li2C02, usually eliminates scale formation problems (see LiTHlUM COMPOUNDS). 

Certain chemicals (sorbents) have the ability to absorb moisture from a gas they may be either solid or liquid. Performance of a chemical dehumidifi cation device depends on the sorbent used. The sorbent must t>e able to attract and remove the sorbate, such as water, from the gas stream, Stirbems absorb water on the surface of the material by adsorption or by chemically combining with water (absorption). If the unit is regenerative, the process is reversible, allowing water to be removed. This is achieved by a sorbent such as silica gel, alumina gel, activated alumina, lithium chloride salt, lithium chloride solution, glycol solution, or molecular sieves. In the case of nonregenerative equipment, hygroscopic salts such as calcium chloride, urea, or sodium chloride are used. 

The thermal decomposition of some 3,5-disubstituted-l,2,4-thiadiazoles has been studied and some nonisothermal kinetic parameters have been reported <1986MI239>. Polarographic measurements of a series of methylated 5-amino-l,2,4-thiadiazoles show that thiadiazoles are not reducible in methanolic lithium chloride solution, while thiadiazolines are uniformily reduced at 0.5 = — 1.6 0.02 V. This technique has been used to assign structures to compounds which may exist theoretically as either thiadiazoles or thiadiazolines <1984CHEC(6)463>. The photoelectron spectrum for 1,2,4-thiadiazole has been published <1996CHEC-II(4)307>. 

Reduction of dibenzothiophene with sodium in liquid ammonia has been shown to be sensitive to the experimental methods employed however, the major product is usually 1,4-dihydrodibenzothiophene. 27 -28i The electrochemical reduction of dibenzothiophene in ethylene-diamine-lithium chloride solution has been shown to proceed via stepwise reduction of the aromatic nucleus followed by sulfur elimination. In contrast to the reduction of dibenzothiophene with sodium in liquid ammonia, lithium in ethylenediamine, or calcium hexamine in ether, electrolytic reduction produced no detectable thiophenol intermediates. Reduction of dibenzothiophene with calcium hexamine furnished o-cyclohexylthiophenol as the major product (77%). Polaro-graphic reduction of dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide has shown a four-electron transfer to occur corresponding to reduction of the sulfone group and a further site. ... 

Cyclodehydration of 2-phenylthiocyclohexanone with a variety of reagents yielding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene (64) as an oil has been reported,and represents the simplest way of obtaining this material (88%). Alternatively, reduction of 4-keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene under Huang-Minlon conditions affords 64 in high yield.Trace amounts of 64 were detected in the reduction of dibenzothiophene with calcium hexamine and during electrolysis in ethylenediamine-lithium chloride solution (Section III, C,4). Peracetic acid oxidizes 64 to its sulfone (65%), which... 

Americium and other actinide elements may be separated from lanthanides by solvent extraction. Lithium chloride solution and an eight to nine carbon tertiary amine are used in the process. Americium is then separated from curium by the above methods. 

Also called vapour-phase interferences or cation enhancement. In the air-acetylene flame, the intensity of rubidium absorption can be doubled by the addition of potassium. This is caused by ionization suppression (see Section 2.2.3), but if uncorrected will lead to substantial positive errors when the samples contain easily ionized elements and the standards do not. An example is when river water containing varying levels of sodium is to be analysed for a lithium tracer, and the standards, containing pure lithium chloride solutions, do not contain any ionization suppressor. 

Experiments using a series of methylated 2-amino-1,2,4-thiadia-zoles of unequivocal structure (351-353) show that thiadiazoles (e.g. 351) are not reducible in methanolic lithium chloride solution, while thiadiazolines (e.g. 352-353) are uniformly reduced at E0 = — 1.6 + 0.02V. In aqueous alcoholic tetramethylammonium iodide,... 

Unsaturated salt solutions of different concentrations make excellent standards. These solutions are easily made and are relatively unaffected by temperature over a wide range of concentrations (Chirife and Resnik, 1984). Table A2.2.2 lists the water activity of various sodium chloride and lithium chloride solutions according to Robinson and Stokes (1965). The data in Robinson and Stokes can be used to compute the awfor other unsaturated salt solutions. 

Table A2.2.2 Water Activity of Unsaturated Sodium Chloride and Lithium Chloride Solutions at 25°C"...

The order of extractability of different metals from chloride solutions by a given amine is usually that expected from the tendency of each metal to form anionic chloro complexes.180 This is evident in Figure 11, which shows the extraction of several metals from lithium chloride solutions by 0.50 M solutions of the tertiary amine Alamine 336 in xylene. The order of extraction,181 Pd11 > Cd11... 

A lithium chloride solution caused changes in gravicur-vature, statocyte ultrastructure, and calcium balance in pea root, believed to be due to effects of lithium on the phosphoinositide second messenger system (678). The implications with regard to human parathyroid function are obscure. 

FIG. 16.30 (left) Variation of the viscosity of PpBA in dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solutions with polymer concentration for various molecular weights expressed as intrinsic viscosities (in mVkg) ... 

Figure 2.8 Specific conductivities of protic vs. aprotic ionic liquids, showing matching of concentrated lithium chloride solution conductivity by solvent-free aprotic liquids. Note that at low temperature, the conductivity of protic nitrate in excess nitric acid is higher than that of the aqueous Lid case with the same excess solvent. (From Xu and Angell [17] by permission)...

The position of the O-D band maximum has also been used to indicate the structure of fluid electrolyte solutions. Fig. 6.7-12 shows the wavenumber of the O-D band maximum, Vmax, in aqueous (HDO/H2O) lithium chloride solutions at 2800 bar and various temperatures as a function of the LiCl content x (in mol %) (Valyashko et al., 1980). The 25 °C isotherm is measured at 20 bar. If x is small, i> ax is considerably dependent... 

Narten AH, Vaslow E, Levy HA. Diffraction pattern and structure of aqueous lithium chloride solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 1973 58 5017-5023. 

A more complete extraction " of polysaccharides was attempted by refluxing the soil for two 30-minute periods with 98 % formic acid containing lithium bromide. The organic matter extracted was precipitated by the addition of isopropyl ether and was redispersed in lithium chloride solution. The colored humic substances were then precipitated with hexadecyltri-methylammonium bromide, while the acidic and neutral polysaccharides were kept in solution by the lithium chloride. The possible degradative effects of hot formic acid on soil polysaccharides have not yet been investigated. 

Curium, berkelium, californium and einsteinium were separated from the americium samples irradiated by neutrons. For preliminary separation the anion exchange in hydrochloric acid and lithium chloride solutions was used as well as the HDEHP extraction. Mutual separation of the transamericium elements was made by using DIAION CK08Y cation exchange resin. Nuclides prepared and separation methods adopted are summarized in Table 1 (1-15). 

Salstrom, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58,1848 (1936)]. Calculate the activity and activity coefficient of the silver chloride at the various mole fractions. Determine the free energy of transfer of 1 mole of silver chloride from the pure fused state to the lithium chloride solution in which its mole fraction is 0.136, at 500 C. 

Conio, G. Corazza, P. Bianchi, E. Tealdi, A. Ciferri, A. Phase equilibria of cellulose in N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solutions. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. 1984, 22 (5), 273-277. 

The kinetic resolutions yielding the enantiomers 12 and 13 were conducted in the presence of thiacrown and some further crown ethers. Inorganic salts as shown for 15-17 were suitable modulators of selectivity and/or reaction rate. Particularly, in case of 17 a strong increase of the enantiomer-selectivity was found by the addition of a defined amount of aqueous lithium chloride solution to the reaction mixture. The E value was increased by factors between ten to fifty depending on the substrate structure. 

Water evaporates from or condenses onto an electrolyte solution depending on the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. Electrolyte humidity sensors utilize this phenomenon. Lithium chloride is a typical material [7]. An electric hydrometer using lithium chioride was developed in 1939 by Dunmore [7] and is still widely used. In a typical lithium chloride humidity sensor the lithium chloride solution is impregnated into a plant pith substrate (10 mm x 4 mm x 0.2 mm) [8] and Pt electrodes are applied to both faces of the element. The plant pith possesses a fine reticulate structure and is therefore a suitable porous binder for the electrolyte. Lithium chloride solution trapped in such a porous binder is too stable to flow out even under very humid conditions. Since the humidity range covered by one such unit is about 30 7o r.h., a wider humidity range from 10 to 100% can only be measured by using a number of elements with different characteristics. 

Dip one of six cotton swabs into the lithium chloride solution. Put the swab into the flame of a Bunsen burner. Observe the color of the flame, and record it in your data table. 

Fig. 1.—The Polarographic Reduction of 0.01 M o-Glucose in 0.2 M Aqueous Lithium Chloride Solution, in the Temperature Range of 20 to 80°. (The curves were recorded from —1,0 V galvanometer sensitivity — 1 50.)...

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