Potassium polysulfides

The history of polysulfides began over 150 years ago. In 1838 chemists in Switzedand reported that the reaction of chloraetherin (1,2-dichloroethane) with potassium polysulfide gaveambivalent a rubbery, intractable, high sulfur semisolid. Subsequently there were reports of similar products obtained by various methods, but the first useful products were developed from studies in the late 1920s. This led to the formation of Thiokol Corp. which began production of the ethylene tetrasulfide polymer Thiokol A in 1928, the first synthetic elastomer manufactured commercially in the United States. One of the first successful applications of Thiokol A [14807-96-6] was for seals where its resistance to solvents justified its relatively high price. 

A mixture composed chiefly of potassium polysulfides and potassium thiosulfate, containing not less than 12.8% sulfur in combination as sulfide. 

Potash Sulfurated. Liver of sulfur sulfurated po-tassa hepar sulfuris. Mixture of potassium polysulfides, chiefly trisulfide, and potassium thiosulfate, containing not less than 12.8% sulfur as sulfide. U.S.D. (5th ed., 1955) p 1092. Has been incorrectly called "potassium sulfide . 

The checkers used potassium polysulfide K2Sn prepared from KOH and sulfur. 

Definition Copper + potassium polysulfide + potassium thiosulfate... 

And indeed when Stahl fixed sulfuric acid (made it a solid by allowing it to react with potassium hydroxide), then heated it with charcoal, he obtained liver of sulfur ( 2, potassium polysulfide). This is the same dark brown amorphous mass obtained when pure sulfur is fused with potassium hydroxide, so he concluded that he had his sulfur back, and the phlogiston theory worked. 

Ammonium polysulfide, 20-0-0-40S solution with aqua or anhydrous ammonia Potassium polysulfide, 0-0-22-22S solution Potassium thiosulfate, 0-0-25-178 ... 

Ethanite n. Synthetic rubber made by the interaction of potassium polysulfide and ethylene dichloride. 

To isolate the product, the tubes are opened in a Nj-filled glovebox and the contents are loosened with a portion of degassed water and transferred to a fritted funnel. The potassium polysulfide flux is removed by adding successive portions of degassed water to the sample (each removed by suction filtration), which forms a yellow solution on dissolving the potassium polysulfide flux. This is continued until the added water remains colorless, indicating the potassium polysulfide flux has been totally removed. The product is finally washed with ethanol and ether. Brown microneedle crystals of KFeSj are obtained. The yield is 0.026 g (57% based on Fe). 

Soluble sulfides such as sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, and calcium polysulfides have been used to precipitate mercury salts from alkaline solutions. When this procedure is used, exercise of caution is requked to maintain the pH within a given alkaline range so as to prevent evolution of H2S. Because the solubiUty of mercuric sulfide in water is 12.5 flg/L at 18°C or 10.7 ppb of mercury, use of this method for removal of mercury is adequate for most purposes. However, the presence of excess alkah, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfide, increases the solubiUty of mercuric sulfide as shown ... 

Although the polysulfur macrocycles became more interesting to the scientific community after Pedersen s report of the crown compounds (see Chap. 1), examples of such structures may be found in the literature dating back some time. The first report of a macrocyclic polysulfide appears to be that by Ray who found in 1920 that when 1,2-dimercaptoethane and 1,2-dibromoethane were heated with alcoholic potassium hydrogen sulfide as shown in Eq. (6.2), triethylene trisulfide (2) and a substance presumed to be triethylene tetrasulfide (3) could be isolated. 

The red [SSNO] anion (9.2) (2max 448 nm) is produced by the reaction of an ionic nitrite with elemental sulfur or a polysulfide in acetone, DME or DMSO. ° The formation of 9.2 probably proceeds via an intermediate such as the [S2NO2] anion. This process is thought to occur in the gunpowder reaction, which also entails the reaction of potassium nitrite (produced by reduction of potassium nitrate with charcoal) and sulfur. 

In the potassium-sulfur system the compounds K2S, K2S2, K2S3, K2S4, K2S5, and K2S6 exist and there are six eutectics [15]. All sodium and potassium sulfides and polysulfides are hygroscopic and some of them form well defined hydrates. 

The blue color of 83 has been observed in numerous experiments. For example, a brilliant blue color occurs if a potassium thiocyanate melt is heated to temperatures above 300 °C [132] or if eutectic melts of LiCl-KCl (containing some sulfide) are in contact with elemental sulfur [132, 133], if aqueous sodium tetrasulfide is heated to temperatures above 100 °C [134], if alkali polysulfides are dissolved in boiling ethanol or in polar aprotic solvents (see above), or if borate glasses are doped with elemental sulfur [132]. In most of these cases mixtures of much 83 and little 82 will have been present demonstrating the ubiquitous nature of these radicals [12]. 

Sodium phosphate(s), 28 831-834, 29 18 carbon dioxide by-product of manufacture, 4 810 economic aspects of, 28 860 uses for, 28 833-834 Sodium polybutadiene, 9 555, 556 Sodium polymetaphosphate, 8 416 Sodium polyphosphates, 9 16 manufacture of, 28 858 Sodium polyphosphate glass, 28 851 Sodium polystyrene sulfonate cosmetic surfactant, 7 835t Sodium polysulfide(s), 23 640 in sodium production, 22 773 Sodium-potassium eutectic, 15 252... 

Oxidation may be achieved in the presence of oxygen or air. Other suitable oxidants include sulfur, sodium polysulfide, iron (III) chloride, potassium ferro-cyanide (III) or potassium dichromate, peroxydisulfate or salts of aromatic nitro-sulfonic acids. An aqueous/alkaline medium is used in the presence of a high boiling organic solvent which is not miscible with water or which is almost immiscible with water. Cyclization with chlorosulfonic acid can be followed directly by oxidation with bromine to afford the thioindigo system, without separation of the intermediate. 

Germanium(II) sulfide, 4419 Gold(III) sulfide, 0116 Iron disulfide, 4401 Iron(II) sulfide, 4400 Iron(III) sulfide, 4404 Manganese(II) sulfide, 4706 Manganese(IV) sulfide, 4707 Mercuiy(II) sulfide, 4607 Molybdemun(IV) sulfide, 4719 Potassium sulfide, 4670 Rhenium(VII) sulfide, 4891 Ruthenium(IV) sulfide, 4895 Samarium sulfide, 4899 Silver sulfide, 0026 Sodium disulfide, 4812 Sodium polysulfide, 4813 Sodium sulfide, 4811 Strontium sulfide, 4901 Tantalum(TV) sulfide, 4903... 

The aqueous solution of barium sulfide oxidizes slowly in the air forming elemental sulfur and various anions of sulfur including sulfite, thiosulfate, polysulfides and sulfate. The yellow color of barium sulfide solution is attributed to the presence of dissolved elemental sulfur that results from its slow oxidation in the air. In the presence of an oxidizing agent, barium sulfate is formed. Violent to explosive oxidation may occur when heated with strong oxidants such as phosphorus pentoxide or potassium chlorate. 

As evaporation proceeded, sodium chloride began to precipitate and later potassium chloride and potassium sulfate. The mother liquor then contained the iodides of sodium and postassium, part of the sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, cyanides, polysulfides, and some sulfites and hyposulfites resulting from the reduction of sulfates during calcination. 

Chemistry of Polysulfide Polymers. Propellant chemistry based on chemically crosslinked binders had its beginning at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the winter of 1946 when potassium and/or ammonium perchlorate were mixed into Thiokol LP-3 polysulfide liquid polymer, to which had been added an oxidative curative, p-quinone dioxime. This polysulfide polymer, as described by Jorczak and Fettes (13), is prepared... 

Potassium also differs from sodium, and especially from lithium, in the greater stability of its salts of polarizable polyatomic anions, such as peroxide, superoxide, azide, polysulfide,polyhalides,etc. The rubidium and cesium salts, on the other hand, are even more stable. 

These directions have been used equally successfully with twice, one-third, and one-fifth the amounts specified. The reaction of chloro- or bromoacetal with sodium disulfide results in the formation of a considerable quantity of the corresponding monosulfide which is not subsequently reduced to mercaptan. Polysulfides are, however, easily reduced to mercaptans. 1,1,11 -Tetramethoxyethyl poly sulfide has been prepared from commercially available dimethyl chloroacetal in a similar fashion. A 10-hour heating period and the addition of 5 g. of potassium iodide per 100 g. of acetal are recommended in the latter preparation. 

Diethyl mercaptoacetal has been prepared by treating diethyl bromoacetal with potassium hydrosulfide 3 by the reduction of 1,1,11 -tetraethoxyethyl disulfide 3 with lithium aluminum hydride by reduction of 1,1-diethoxyethyl benzyl sulfide,3 41,1,1/,1/-tetraethoxyethyl disulfide,3 and 1,1,1, 1 -tetracthoxyethyl polysulfide 3 with sodium and liquid ammonia. The method described is adapted from the last-named preparation. Dimethyl mercaptoacetal has been prepared by the same methods.3... 

Delgado-Morales, W., Zingaro, R.A. and Mohan, M.S. (1994) Analysis and removal of arsenic from natural-gas using potassium peroxydisulfate and polysulfide absorbents. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 54(3), 203-20. 

Iron disulfide, 4395 Iron(II) sulfide, 4394 Iron(III) sulfide, 4398 Manganese(II) sulfide, 4701 Manganese(IV) sulfide, 4702 Mercury(II) sulfide, 4602 Molybdenum(IV) sulfide, 4714 Potassium sulfide, 4665 Rhenium(VII) sulfide, 4885 Ruthenium(IV) sulfide, 4889 Samarium sulfide, 4893 Silver sulfide, 0035 Sodium disulfide, 4806 Sodium polysulfide, 4807 Sodium sulfide, 4805 Strontium sulfide, 4895... 

Phenylacetamide has been obtained by a wide variety of reactions from benzyl cyanide with water at 250-260° 6 from benzyl cyanide with water and cadmium oxide at 240° 6 from benzyl cyanide with sulfuric acid 7 8 by saturation of an acetone solution of benzyl cyanide with potassium hydrosulfide 9 from benzyl cyanide with sodium peroxide 10 by electrolytic reduction of benzyl cyanide in sodium hydroxide 11 from ethyl phenyl-acetate with alcoholic 12 or aqueous 13 ammonia from phenyl-acetic acid with ammonium acetate 14 or urea 15 from diazoacetophenone with ammoniacal silver solution 16 from phenyl-acetic acid imino ether hydrochloride and water 17 from acetophenone with ammonium polysulfide at 215° 18 from benzoic acid 19 and by heating the ammonium salt of phenyl-acetic acid.20... 

Concerning the composition of alkali polysulfide, the yield of thiolane 7 suffered none in utilizing alkali polysulfide prepared from hydrated sodium sulfide or lithium or potassium sulfide rather than anhydrous sodium sulfide. When the ratio of sulfur to hydrated sodium sulfide was 8 1 or greater, the thiolane 7 resulted whereas at a ratio of 4 1, or using commercial Na, several components containing both sulfur and carbon were detected in me solid proauct. 

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