Possession costs

Space is expensive. The larger the inventory, the more money the space will require. The larger the inventory, the greater the risk of having products go obsolete. Inventory ties up working capital that then ean not be used to effectively mn the business. 

Bttildings have to be heated, cooled, and have eleetrieity and water. Marty companies have separate meters for the offices and the production areas to help separate the costs. Depending on the climate this ean be a signifieant ejqrense for the business. 

These are the personnel that keep the faeilities safe and seeure as well as elean 1 have seen these services contracted as well as performed by employees of the organization. This depends on the management strategy of the organization. 

Buildings require maintenance like roof repairs, overhead doors fixed, and so on. These charges have typically shown up as overhead charges. As 1 said before, care needs to be taken in what gets defined as overhead so that real costs do not get ignored or masked by other charges. 

This is a nonoperating cost and is a function of the state and municipality in which the facilities are located. If you have a plant that crosses boundaries between two municipalities you may have to meet the requirements of both municipalities. Most states now have a tax on goods sold and inventories. This also will vary depending on the location. This is where the tax breaks for companies to locate in an area are often given. 

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Possession costs. These are the costs incurred while the material is being stored and/or being used. 

Process mapping Supply chain management Supply chain map Acquisition costs Possession costs Application costs Inspection costs Internal/external failure costs... 

The most desirable characteristics of a solvent for recrystalhsation are (a) a high solvent power for the substance to be purified at elevated temperatures and a comparatively low solvent power at the laboratory temperature or below (6) it should dissolve the impurities readily or to only a very small extent (c) it should yield well-formed crystals of the purified compound and (d) it must be capable of easy removal from the crystals of the purified compound, i.e., possess a relatively low boiling point. It is assumed, of course, that the solvent does not react chemically with the substance to be purified. If two or more solvents appear to be equally suitable for the recrystallisation, the final selection will depend upon such factors as ease of manipulation, inflammability and cost. 

The pricing of a new chemical that will compete against other chemicals does involve the usual cost elements that set the price. However, it has been shown that an empirical approach may be of value. One empirical approach is the exclusion chart (7,8) developed in 1979 and modified several times over the years. The chart indicates the approximate volume that existing chemicals used for the same function have achieved at their price. There are exceptions where the new chemical can command a higher price and achieve comparable volume because it possesses a unique property. 

The irones (167,168,169), which constitute slightly more than 75% of the volatiles, are primarily responsible for the fine odor of the natural material. For this reason and because of the high cost of orris absolute, synthetic versions of the irones have been commercialized. Of the possible irone stmctures, the y-isomer (168) possesses the best fragrance properties. 

Properties desired in cable insulation and flexible circuit substrate materials include mechanical flexibiUty, fatigue endurance, and resistance to chemicals, water absorption, and abrasion. Both thermoplasts and thermosets are used as cable-insulating materials. Thermoplastic materials possess excellent electrical characteristics and are available at relatively low cost. 

Liquefied petroleum gases precipitate asphaltic and resinous materials from cmde residues while the lubricating oil constituents remain in solution. Although all Hquefied gases possess this property to some extent, propane and butane are used to deasphalt residual lubricating oils because of their relative low cost and their ease of separation from lubricating oils. 

Low Osmolality Contrast Media. An ideal intravascular CM possesses several properties high opacity to x-rays, high water solubihty, chemical stabihty, low viscosity, low osmolahty, and high biological safety. Low cost and patentabihty are also important for commercial agents. The newer nonionic and low osmolar agents represent an advanced class of compounds in the development of x-ray contrast media. 

Steam digestion of siHcone mbber produces a siHcone reclaim, used to reduce the cost of siHcone compounds. It has been widely used by siHcone automobile ignition systems. The resulting compounds have exceUent aging characteristics and stUl possess outstanding electrical properties (16). 

As discussed previously, inherent disorder possessed by i -SiH alloy limits the mobiUty of the free carriers (electrons and holes) to about 10 cm /( V) this is compared with crystalline Si, in which the electron mobiUty is 1500 cm /( V). However, crystalline Si is expensive to manufacture and its size is limited to about 20 cm in diameter. Many appHcations discussed have either emerged or been identified which preclude the use of crystalline Si because of cost, size, or both. The basic commonality in these appHcations is the abiHty to fabricate devices on areas much larger than can be addressed by crystalline Si Furthermore, these appHcations are not demanding in terms of speed, which then provides i -SiH alloy with a distinct competitive advantage. 

These surfactants, in conjunction with soap, produce bars that may possess superior lathering and rinsing in hard water, greater lather stabiUty, and improved skin effects. Beauty and skin care bars are becoming very complex formulations. A review of the Hterature clearly demonstrates the complexity of these very mild formulations, where it is not uncommon to find a mixture of synthetic surfactants, each of which is specifically added to modify various properties of the product. Eor example, one approach commonly reported is to blend a low level of soap (for product firmness), a mild primary surfactant (such as sodium cocoyl isethionate), a high lathering or lather-boosting cosurfactant, eg, cocamidopropyl betaine or AGS, and potentially an emollient like stearic acid (27). Such benefits come at a cost to the consumer because these materials are considerably more expensive than simple soaps. 

Despite the fact that many boron hydride compounds possess unique chemical and physical properties, very few of these compounds have yet undergone significant commercial exploitation. This is largely owing to the extremely high cost of most boron hydride materials, which has discouraged development of all but the most exotic appHcations. Nevertheless, considerable commercial potential is foreseen for boron hydride materials if and when economical and rehable sources become available. Only the simplest of boron hydride compounds, most notably sodium tetrahydroborate, NajBHJ, diborane(6), B2H, and some of the borane adducts, eg, amine boranes, are now produced in significant commercial quantities. 

Carbon electrodes are the normal choice for the link in the connection chain to deflver power to the arc tip. Graphite may be used in special apphcations, but the higher cost of graphite favors the use of carbon electrodes. Carbon possesses properties ideal to its appHcation as an electrode. These properties include no softening point, no melting point, electrical conductivity, strength increases with increasing temperature, resistivity drops as temperature increases, available in the size and purity desired, and cost effectiveness. 

Appllca.tlons. The principal uses are in scouring cleansers and acid metal cleaners for dairy equipment. Use in dishwasher detergents has been supplanted by chlorinated isocyanurates, which are more cost-effective, more stable in hot water, and possess water softening properties. 

Synthetic polymers have become extremely important as materials over the past 50 years and have replaced other materials because they possess high strength-to-weight ratios, easy processabiUty, and other desirable features. Used in appHcations previously dominated by metals, ceramics, and natural fibers, polymers make up much of the sales in the automotive, durables, and clothing markets. In these appHcations, polymers possess desired attributes, often at a much lower cost than the materials they replace. The emphasis in research has shifted from developing new synthetic macromolecules toward preparation of cost-effective multicomponent systems (ie, copolymers, polymer blends, and composites) rather than preparation of new and frequendy more expensive homopolymers. These multicomponent systems can be "tuned" to achieve the desired properties (within limits, of course) much easier than through the total synthesis of new macromolecules. 

Electrodes. At least three factors need to be considered ia electrode selection as the technical development of an electroorganic reaction moves from the laboratory cell to the commercial system. First is the selection of the lowest cost form of the conductive material that both produces the desired electrode reactions and possesses stmctural iategrity. Second is the preservation of the active life of the electrodes. The final factor is the conductivity of the electrode material within the context of cell design. An ia-depth discussion of electrode materials for electroorganic synthesis as well as a detailed discussion of the influence of electrode materials on reaction path (electrocatalysis) are available (25,26). A general account of electrodes for iadustrial processes is also available (27). 

Electrolyte. The ideal electrolyte, ie, the fluid part of the cell, for organic synthesis would give high solubiHty to the organic, possess good conductivity, have low cost, contain easy recovery and purification, and be noncorrosive. Quaternary ammonium salts provide many of the above criteria ia aqueous systems. A coacise compilation of solveats and salts used ia electroorganic chemistry is available (40). 

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