Pond water

Production of KCl at the Wendover, Utah operation employs a large 7000 acre complex of solar ponds. Both shallow brine wells and deeper wells are used to pump brine into the pond complex. In the preconcentration ponds water is evaporated and sodium chloride is crystallized. Later the brine is transferred to production ponds where sylvinite is deposited. Brine is then transferred to other ponds where camaUite is crystallized. Sylvinite is removed from drained ponds with self-loading scrapers and taken to the plant were KCl is separated by flotation with an amine oil collector. The camaUite,... 

The two examples of sample preparation for the analysis of trace material in liquid matrixes are typical of those met in the analytical laboratory. They are dealt with in two quite different ways one uses the now well established cartridge extraction technique which is the most common the other uses a unique type of stationary phase which separates simultaneously on two different principles. Firstly, due to its design it can exclude large molecules from the interacting surface secondly, small molecules that can penetrate to the retentive surface can be separated by dispersive interactions. The two examples given will be the determination of trimethoprim in blood serum and the determination of herbicides in pond water. 

This analysis depends on the use of a solid phase extraction cartridge to concentrate the herbicides directly from the pond water and the... 

Chromatogram of Triazine Herbicides from Pond Water... 

The solutes were separated by standard reverse phase processes where differential interactions occur between the dispersive centers of the solute molecules and the hydrocarbon chains of the reversed phase. The concentration of the herbicides in the pond water was 10 ppb. 

Bis(tributyltin) oxide is known to break down to inorganic tin under UV irradiation in laboratory conditions (509, 510), and the decomposition may be accelerated by absorbing the organotin compound on a cel-lulosic matrix (511). As bis(tributyltin) oxide is known to react rapidly with carbon dioxide (atmospheric, or trapped in various cellulosic materials, such as cotton or wood) (512), to form bis(tributyltin) carbonate, (BusSnO)2CO, the observed UV degradation pattern may be rationalized in terms of more-ready breakdown of the carbonate than of the oxide, due to the presence of the carbonyl chromophore. The half-life of bis(tributyltin) oxide in pond water has recently been given as 16 days (513). Diorganotin compounds have also been shown to decompose to inorganic tin under UV irradiation (514, 515). 

Pond water was analyzed for fenoxycarb by partitioning 1L of Altered (Whatman No. 2 filter) water sample with 75 mL of hexane. The partitioning step was repeated... 

The average recovery obtained for fenoxycarb when the analysis of pond water was performed using three-column switching LC/fiuorescence detection was 100% at fortification levels ranging from 0.001 to 10 ugL The LOQ and LOD were 0.001 ugL and 0.4 ng injected, respectively. 

HPLC of other plant genera by ODS silica extraction produced complex chromatograms similar to that from E. mlcrocarpa. Pond waters from various sources were also screened for OFAs. These chromatograms were less complex than those from the plants and, notably, showed mostly compound I, and component II. Table III shows the occurrance of these compounds In plants and pond waters. 

When Winter senescent plant material was harvested and extracted, yields of OFAs were greatly reduced. OFAs from the four ponds were extracted easily from 20-50 liters of pond water by passing the water through a tube filled with ODS silica. These ponds produced between 1 and 1.5 ppm of OFAs after elution with methyl formate. The origin of I, Ila and lib in these ponds is uncertain at this time. 

Dermal Effects. Skin irritation was noted in wildlife officers at the RMA after they handled sick or dead ducks without gloves (NIOSH 1981). Although the investigators concluded that diisopropyl methylphosphonate contributed to the local effects, a number of other compounds were present. Analysis of the pond water indicated the presence of a number of organic and inorganic contaminants, including diisopropyl methylphosphonate (11.3 ppm) aldrin (0.368 ppm) dieldrin (0.0744 ppm) dicyclo-pentadiene, bicycloheptadiene, diethyl benzene, dimethyl disulfide, methyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and sodium (49,500 ppm) chloride (52,000 ppm) arsenic (1,470 ppm) potassium (180 ppm) fluoride (63 ppm) copper (2.4 ppm) and chromium (0.27 ppm). Because of the presence of numerous compounds, it is unclear whether diisopropyl methylphosphonate was related to the irritation. 

Skin irritation was noted in wildlife officers at the RMA who handled dead or sick ducks without gloves. Analysis of the pond water indicated the presence of a number of organic and inorganic contaminants, including diisopropyl methylphosphonate. Although the investigators concluded that diisopropyl methylphosphonate contributed to the effects, a number of other compounds were identified in the pond, the presence of which makes it unclear whether diisopropyl methylphosphonate was related to the irritation (NIOSH 1981). 

Bangor Naval Submarine Base, on the Hood Canal in the State of Washington, provides fine recreational facilities for service people stationed there, as well as for civilian employees. A proposal to divert runoff from munitions-contaminated areas towards the recreational fishing pond, Cattail Lake, led to a decision to identify hazard levels for the compounds of interest. In addition to trout, there was concern over contamination of bivalves, such as oysters, cockles, and clams, at the pond s outlet to Hood Canal. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), assumed applicable for both fish and bivalves, were developed for three compounds (Table III). BCFs, together with Uj. values and worst-case levels of fish or bivalve consumption (0.4 kg/day) provided PPLVs for the pond water, according to the equation... 

Tokunaga T., Brown G.E. Jr., Pickering I.J., Sutton S.R., Bajt S. Selenium transport between ponded waters and sediments. Environ Sci Technol 1997 31 1419-1425. 

Glooschenko, V., W.F. Weller, P.G.R. Smith, R. Alvo, and J.H.G. Archbold. 1992. Amphibian distribution with respect to pond water chemistry near Sudbury, Ontario. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Suppl. 1) 114-121. 

Methyltesto- OH / Growth promoter - Pond Water after treatment with Phelps et al. [32] found... 

Phelps RP, Fitzpatrick MS, Contreras-Sanchez WM, Warrington RL, Arndt JT (2000) Detection of methyltestosterone in pond water after treatment with methyltestosterone food. In McElwee K, Burke D, Niles M, Cummings X, Egna H (eds), Seventeenth annual technical report. Pond dynamics/aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, Corvallis... 

Dursban in the pond water can be taken up by the soil and plants and also by the fish in the pond, and it is assumed that there is an equilibrium between the amount of insecticide in the plants and soil and in the pond water. Inside the fish, Dursban is metabolised to pyridinol and then excreted. Some insecti-... 

The lack of detection of LAS metabolites in sediments was also discussed by Sarrazin et al. [13] determining the biodegradability of the anionic surfactant in artificially contaminated sediments from a shallow pond. During the experiments, no LAS metabolites were observed. This was explained by the high solubility of these compounds, which may be quickly eliminated from the sedimentary layer by dissolution and diffusion into the pond water. 

An important process in which surfactants are removed from the aqueous environment is biodegradation. Whereas surfactant biodegradation in freshwater is in general quite fast, the degradation processes occur usually slower in saline waters [1,33] (see also Chapter 5.3). However, one study reported that the biodegradation of A9PE0 was faster in seawater than in freshwater in 50 days, primary biodegradation was 33-36% in pond water and 95% in seawater [34],... 

---