Polyvinyl chloride compounds

The most highly compounded of thermoplastic compounds is polyvinyl chloride. Applications of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) include pipe, siding, extruded sheet, calendared sheet, profiles, bottles, fittings,and appliances. Plasticized PVC is used for blown films and wire jacket. Typical recipes are 

Other additives wax (amide, ethylene bis-stearamide, paraffin) 

PVC is very sensitive to thermal degradation compared to other thermoplastics. Thermal stabilizers are used about 0.3 to 3.0 phr, depending on heat history of the compoimd. Calcium carbonate is the most widely used filler used in rigid PVC. The usual dosage levels of calcium carbonate ranges from about 3 to 10 phr however, in sewer pipe and conduit application, 40 phr are used. Calcium stearate is the most common lubricant for PVC compound. It has both internal and external lubrication characteristics, and it provides improved fusion time, better metal release, and reduced melt viscosity. 

---

Figure 12.20. Effect of change of plasticiser on the properties of polyvinyl chloride compounds. (a) Tensile strength, (b) Cold flex temperature, (c) BS softness number, (d) Elongation at break, (e) 100% modulus. (The Distillers Company Ltd.)...

Figure 1 shows that the tensile strength decreased as increase of chlorella in the mixture. Suitable content of chlorella was 10 30 % and the tensile strength showed 17 20 MPa, which was as same as commercial PVC plastics described in the Japanese standard Plasticized polyvinyl chloride compounds (JIS K-6723). 

BS 2782. Method I22A. Determination of deformation under heat of (lexible polyvinyl chloride compound, 1976. 

Etqjlain why all polyvinyl chloride compounds contain thermal stabilizer. 

What is the property enhancement achieved by employing phosphate-based plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride compounds ... 

This polyvinyl chloride compound family is highly elastomeric and exhibits a dry non-tacky surface even at hardnesses as low as 40 Shore A durom-eter. Their rubber-like resilience, high elongation and low permanent set and fatigue resistance offer advantages over conventional formulations (Tables 4.6, 4.12, and 4.13). 

We should scarcely dwell on the role of the nature and intensity of the energy influence in the process of decomposition. We should mention especially that, depending on the nature and intensily of the influence, the same impurities, contained in the polymer, can either accelerate or decelerate decomposition. Of the impurities that reduce the stability of polyvinyl chloride, compounds containing metals of variable valence, including iron salts, are especially undesirable. When present in the polymer even in negligible amounts, such salts extremely actively catalyze oxidative decomposition. 

The use of thermoplastic olefins or TPOs is growing at a faster rate than the styrenic block copolymers (SBC) just discussed, or the thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), which are discussed in the next section. The TPO growth rate is currently about 10% annually worldwide. Unlike the SBCs, certain TPOs can sometimes be used at higher service temperatures. Unlike the TPVs (which are derived through dynamic vulcanization), the TPOs are usually used uncured or are only very slightly vulcanized, if at all. This means that the TPOs are usually less costly than the TPVs. The TPOs have been very successful in the automotive industry in replacing the soft polyvinyl chloride compounds used in car interiors. TPOs are commonly available in softness ranges from 60 Shore A to 60 Shore D. A major use for TPOs is in the manufacture of automotive fascias, where appearance is very important. 

Dioctyl phthalate, (also known as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)) was the highest volume member of a class of synthetic plasticizers called the phthalates. Other members of this class of phthalate plasticizers Include butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Global production of phthalates as a group was about 12 billion pounds in 2008. However, most of the phthalates are used by the plastics industry (specifically In polyvinyl chloride compounds). Probably less than 5% is actually used by the rubber industry. 

About 95% of phthalate plasticizers, including DOP, are used by the plastics industry, usually in polyvinyl chloride compounds. PVC compounds containing these phthalate plasticizers are soft, flexible, and rubberlike. 

R. A. Burley and W. J. Bennett, Spectroscopic Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Compounds, Appl. Spectroscopy 14, 32, 1960. 

ASTM has developed a new version of ASTM D 1784 Standard Specification for Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride and Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Compounds. This standard classifies PVC materials according to the nature of the polymer and five main properties instead of using the type and grade system. Cell-class limits that describe the polymer and four of the main properties are shown in Table 2.3. Chemical resistance, the fifth main property, is shown in Table 2.4. 

Polar oils have been known as a plasticizing agent for a century to form resinous materials with cotton and phenol-formaldehyde resins. Polyvinyl chloride compounds often contain varying amoimts of polar ester-based oils. Generally, these oils are miscible in the amorphous polymer matrix of the compound. 

EFFECT OF HYPERDISPERSANTS IN POLYETHYLENE MASTERBATCH AND RIGID POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COMPOUND. 

Vinyl compounds. Vinyl chloride (prepared from acetylene and hydrogen chloride) 3 ields polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.), which is employed as a rubber substitute and for other purposes. Vinyl acetate (from... 

F. W. Moor, Molybdenum Compounds as Smoke Suppressants for Polyvinyl Chloride, Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE ANTEC), Montreal, Canada, 1977. 

Methyl bromide, when dry (<100 ppm water), is inert toward most materials of constmction. Carbon steel is recommended for storage vessels, piping, pumps, valves, and fittings. Copper, brass, nickel, and its alloys are sometimes used. Aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and alloys of these metals should not be used because under some conditions dangerous pyrophoric compounds may be formed. Many nonmetallic materials are also useful for handling methyl bromide, but nylon and polyvinyl chloride should be avoided. 

Casein 36 B275 Polyvinyl chloride pellets, compounds. 35-55 C16K... 

Synthetic resins form the heart of the paint industry. The tw o main types of synthetic resins are condensation polymers and addition polymers. Condensation polymers, formed by condensation of like or unlike molecules into a new, more complex compound, include polyesters, phenolics.. iniino resins, polyurethane, and epoxies. Addition polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, and the acrylates,... 

Polyvinyl chloride (p.v.c.) P.V.C. is one of the two most important plastics in terms of tonnage and shows many properties typical of rigid amorphous thermoplastics. More individually, it softens at about 70°C, burns only with difficulty and is thermally unstable. To reduce this instability, stabilisers are invariably compounded into the polymer. 

Specific family or group of plastics (polyethylene, polyvinyl chlorides, etc.) are compounded or alloyed to provide different properties and/or processing behaviors. Thus a plastic listed in Fig. 5-6 could have different heat resistance properties. 

Individual families of plastics such as polyolefins, polystyrenes, nylons, and polyvinyl chlorides are compounded to produce many different individual plastics. The polyolefin is actually made up of its families of poly-ethylenes, polypropylenes, etc. In turn the... 

BMC bulk molding compound CPVC chlorinated polyvinyl chloride... 

One outlet for polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride waste is plastic lumber. These materials, often containing more than one polymer and a wide variety of additives, provide superior weather resistance in humid environments when compared to natural wood. To manufacture these materials, the compound incorporates compatibilizers, which allow dissimilar polymers to mix evenly, Additionally, they assist in the incorporation of fillers and additives, such as wood flour, calcium carbonate, and pigments. 

An organic (ester) compound used as a plasticiser in nitrile rubbers and in polyvinyl chloride. A/,AT-Dibutylthiourea DBTU, accelerator. 

---