Polyurethane Resin, unsaturated

Diethylene glycol is used in the manufacture of polyurethane resins, unsaturated polyester resins, antifreeze blending, triethylene glycol, morpholine, and natural gas dehydration. 

Diethylene and triethylene glycol (DEG and TEG) are produced as byproducts of ethylene glycol. DEG and TEG are used in polyurethane and unsaturated polyester resins and in the drying of natural gas. DEG is also used in antifreeze and in the synthesis of morpholine, a solvent, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidant, and pharmaceutical intermediate. 

Diethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins and polyester polyols for polyurethane-resin manufacture, as well as in the textile industry as a conditioning agent and lubricant for numerous synthetic and natural fibers. It is also used as an extraction solvent in petroleum processing, as a desiccant in natural gas processing, and in the manufacture of some plasticizers and surfactants. 

For commodity applications, there are four major classes of resins that are used in FRP applications. They are phenolic resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, and epoxy vinyl ester resins. A more complete description of these types of resins and their many variations can be found in Handbook of Thermoset Plastics. This is not a comprehensive list of resins used in composite manufacture, as commodity materials like polyurethanes and isocyanurate resins are sometimes used as well to make FRP parts. However, these materials are not covered in this chapter owing to their limited use, but, the principals of fire safety that apply for the resins described subsequently apply to these materials as well. 

Diethylene glycol usage is about 800 million lb/year in the United States. Major uses are unsaturated polyester resins (21%), polyurethane resins (21%), and antifreeze blending (10%). Other applications include use as raw materials for triethylene glycol (7%) and for morpholine (7%). Diethylene glycol is also used for dehydration of natural gas and in textile conditioning. 

The matrix is considered to be the binder for the microspheres. Typical matrix materials include (a) thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters, phenolics, polyurethanes, and silicones (b) thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (c) asphalt and (d) gypsiun and cement. 

Thermosetting Resins. Epoxy resin, phenolic resin, unsaturated resin, vinyl ester resin, silicone resin, polyurethane resin and polyisocyanurate resin. 

Use Production of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester resins, triethylene glycol textile softener petroleum solvent extraction dehydration of natural gas, plasticizers, and surfactants solvent for nitrocellulose and many dyes and oils humectant for tobacco, casein, synthetic sponges, paper products cork compositions, bookbinding adhesives, dyeing assistant, cosmetics, antifreeze solutions. 

Since the introduction of the first commercial thermoset, Bakelite, based on phenol formaldehyde condensation, a wide range of thermoset materials have been introduced. These are typically designed for specific properties related to their chemistry and processability. Some commercially important thermosets include phenolics, ureas, melamines, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, silicones, rubbers, polyurethanes, acrylics, cyanates, polyimides, and benzocyclobutenes. ... 

The major non-nylon uses of AA are in polyester polyols (for polyurethane resins, 25% of AA production), in plasticizers (7% dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, etc. for vinyl chloride, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate polymers), resins (2% unsaturated polyesters) and 3% for miscellaneous applications, such as a food ingredient in gelatins, and as a component in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, paper, cements, waxes, and so on. 

The main commercial thermosets are urea-formaldehyde resins (UF), melamine-formaldehyde resins (MF), phenol-formaldehyde resins (PF), epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, alkyd resins and polyurethanes. Changes in thermoset consumption in Western Europe during the period 1994-1996 are shown in Table 1.2. UF/MF resins and polyurethanes are produced in the greatest quantities, making up about 70% of the total thermosets market. 

A wide range of chemical agents, catalysts and conditions for the glycolysis of unsaturated polyester resins, used in the manufacture of buttons, have been described in a recent patent.34 In addition to different metal acetates, the following compounds have been proposed to be catalytically active in PET glycolysis sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, sodium hydroxide, methane-sulfonic acid, magnesium oxide, barium oxide and calcium oxide. Different applications of the depolymerization products were described, e.g., preparation of fresh unsaturated polyesters by reaction with maleic acid, maleic acid/ phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride/terephthalic acid or the synthesis of polyurethane resins by reaction with a diisocyanate. 

Dianol . [Akzo] Ethoxylaled bisphenol A diol reactive modifiers for saturatol and unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters, and polyurethane resin formulations. 

Casting resins such as unsaturated polyester resins, polyurethane resins and foams, epoxy resins and, within limits, acrylic resins... 

Eighty to eighty-five percent of all plasticizers are used to produce plasticized PVC. The phthalates preferentially used to plasticize PVC also act as plasticizers with certain polyurethanes, polyester resins, and phenolic resins. Phosphate esters are good plasticizers for poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl butyral), cellulose acetate, and phenolic resins. Sulfonamides are special plasticizers for melamine resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenolic resins, polyamides, and cellulose acetate. A total of about 500 different plasticizers are commercially available on the market. 

Film former Antistatic agent Unsaturated bisphenolic glycol-maleic polyester Cationic organic quaternary ammonium salt Polyvinyl acetate Curable blocked polyurethane resin emulsion... 

Laminating and bonding resins exhibiting good strength at low temperatures. At present, practical use is being made of conventional epoxy, polyurethane, and unsaturated polyester systems. These more or less meet the requirements, but papers and discussions showed that superior materials could probably be found or developed. 

Thermoset plastics can be cross-linked to various degrees they can be soft, flexible, elastomeric materials, or hard and structurally rigid. Though thermosets account for only about 15 percent of the plastics market, they are an extremely important segment. The most important thermosets are derived from polyurethane, phenolic, unsaturated polyester, and epoxy resins. ... 

Polyols. Several important polyhydric alcohols or polyols are made from formaldehyde. The principal ones include pentaerythritol, made from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde trimethylolpropane, made from -butyraldehyde and formaldehyde and neopentyl glycol, made from isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. These polyols find use in the alkyd resin (qv) and synthetic lubricants markets. Pentaerythritol [115-77-5] is also used to produce rosin/tall oil esters and explosives (pentaerythritol tetranitrate). Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] is also used in urethane coatings, polyurethane foams, and multiftmctional monomers. Neopentyl glycol [126-30-7] finds use in plastics produced from unsaturated polyester resins and in coatings based on saturated polyesters. 

Trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol (7) is a white, crystalline soHd. It is used in surface coating and unsaturated polyester resins. It also appears promising as an intermediate for synthetic lubricants and polyurethane elastomers and foams. 

PVF resins are generally compatible with phthalate, phosphate, adipate, and diben2oate plastici2ers, and with phenoHc, melamine—formaldehyde, urea—formaldehyde, unsaturated polyester, epoxy, polyurethane, and cellulose acetate butylate resins. They are incompatible with polyamide, ethyl cellulose, and poly(vinyl chloride) resins (141). 

Over the years many blends of polyurethanes with other polymers have been prepared. One recent example is the blending of polyurethane intermediates with methyl methacrylate monomer and some unsaturated polyester resin. With a suitable balance of catalysts and initiators, addition and rearrangement reactions occur simultaneously but independently to give interpenetrating polymer networks. The use of the acrylic monomer lowers cost and viscosity whilst blends with 20% (MMA + polyester) have a superior impact strength. 

Coating materials may be based on short or medium-oil alkyds (e.g. primers for door and window frames) nitrocellulose or thermoplastic acrylics (e.g. lacquers for paper or furniture finishes) amino resin-alkyd coatings, with or without nitrocellulose inclusions, but with a strong acid catalyst to promote low temperature cure (furniture finishes) two-pack polyurethanes (furniture, flat boards) unsaturated polyester resins in styrene with free-radical cure initiated by peroxides (furniture) or unsaturated acrylic oligomers and monomers cured by u.v. radiation or electron beams (coatings for record sleeves paperback covers, knock-down furniture or flush interior doors). 

Polyester-based networks are typically prepared from polyester prepolymers bearing unsaturations which can be crosslinked. The crosslinking process is either an autoxidation in the presence of air oxygen (alkyd resins) or a copolymerization with unsaturated comonomers in the presence of radical initiators (unsaturated polyester resins). It should also be mentioned that hydroxy-terminated saturated polyesters are one of the basis prepolymers used in polyurethane network preparation (see Chapter 5). 

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