Polyurethane nanocomposites characterization

A.K. Barick, and D.K. Tripathy, Preparation, characterization and properties of acid functionahzed multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering B Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, 176 (18), 1435-1447, 2011. 

W.-J. Wang, W.-K. Cin, W.-J. Wang, Synthesis and structural characterization of [chro-mophore]+ -saponite/polyurethane nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics 40 (2002) 1690-1703. 

Wang C-H, Auad ML, Marcovich ME, Nutt S (2008) Synthesis and characterization of organically modified attapulgite/polyurethane nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 109 2562-2570... 

Dias RCM, Goes AM, Serakides R, Ayres E, Orefice RL. Porous biodegradable polyurethane nanocomposites preparation, characterization and biocompatibility tests. Mat Res June 2010 13(2) 211-8. 

Inorganic-polymer nanocomposites characterized by exceptional dielectric constant are often called artificial dielectrics . Artificial dielectrics are created when isolated particles become polarized due to the presence of an applied electric field. These novel nanocomposite artificial dielectrics have the potential to posses high dielectric constants (>100) at high frequencies and the low processing temperature associated with polymers. Such a combination of properties is not found in other capacitor materials [180]. Polymer matrices like PMMA, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), PS, and polyurethane (PU) have been used. Owing to their physicochemical properties, they represent suitable polymer components for embedding nanoscopic functional inorganic fillers (Table 2). 

S. Zhang, A. Yu, X. Song, and X. Liu, Synthesis and characterization of waterborne UV-curable polyurethane nanocomposites based on the macromonomer surface modification of colloidal silica. Prog. Org. Coat., 76,1032-1039, 2013. 

Tortora, M. Gorrasi, G. Vittoiia, V. GaUi, G. Ritrovati, S. ChieUini, E. Structural characterization and transport properties of organically modified montmorillonite/ polyurethane nanocomposites. Polymer IWl, 43, 6147-6157. 

Wang J C, Chen Y H and Wang Y Q (2006) Preparation and characterization of novel organic montmorilloiiite-reinforced blocked polyurethane nanocomposites, Polym Polym Compos 14 591-601. 

Wang W-J, Chin W-K and Wang W-J (2002) Synthesis and structural characterizations of [chromophore] -saponite/polyurethane nanocomposites, J Polym Sci Part B Phys 40 1690-1703. 

Ma X, Lu H, Liang G and Yan H (2004) Rectorite/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites Preparation, characterization, and properties, J Appl Polym Sci 93 608-614. 

Nanocomposite based on polyurethane (PU) is prepared using silica, clay, and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). Preparation, characterization, mechanical and barrier properties, morphology, and effect of processing conditions have been reported on polyurethane-based nanocomposites [72,73]. 

A. Asefnejad, A. Behnamghader, M. Khorasani, B. Farsadzadeh, Polyurethane/fluor-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Part I morphological, physical, and mechanical characterization, Int. J. Nanomedicine 6 (2011) 93-100. 

Zia et al. [115] presented that nanostructure and morphological pattern of chitin/bentonite clay based polyurethane bionanocomposites. The clay dispersion within chitin was characterized by both XRD and optical microscopy (OM), which is the most frequently, used and approachable methods to study the structure of nanocomposites. There are one acetamide (-NHCOCH3) group at C-2 position and two (two hydroxy (-OH)) groups at C-3 (C3-OH) and C-6 (C6-OH) positions on chitin chains which can serve as the coordination and reaction sites [95], The crystalline structure of chitin has been reported by many researchers [96],... 

Barick, A.K., Tripathy, D.K. Thramal and dynamic mechanical characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposites inepared by melt compounding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 812-823 (2010)... 

In-situ intercalative polymerization of layered silicates is perhaps the best example of reactive molding of nanocomposites today. In-situ interactive polymerization of layered silicates, which was discussed above, can be achieved either with thermosetting matrices, such as polyurethane and epoxy, or with thermoplastic systems, such as nylon-6 [4, 23]. A general requirement for reactive molding of nanocomposites is that the particulate phase of a PNC is compatible with the monomer phase of the reactive molding system, which acts as a polymerizable solvent This makes it possible to achieve and maintain a fine dispersion of the particulate phase in the monomer during matrix consolidation, resulting in excellent particle distribution in the final PNC. Above, it was noted that the hydroxylated surface of cellulose makes it reactive to isocyanate. Cellulose whiskers may therefore represent the ideal particulate phase for a nano-RIM process. For this to be achieved, the whisker-polyurethane system needs to be better characterized, so that the RIM process can be adapted to fabrication of cellulose whisker PNCs. 

Wang MC, Lin JJ, Tseng HI, Hsu SH. Characterization, antimicrobial activities, and bio-compatibUity of organicaUy modified clays and their nanocomposites with polyurethane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012 4(l) 338-50. 

Ma J, Zhang S, Qi Z. Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci August 2001 82 1444-8. 

Chen TK, Tien YI, Wei KH. Synthesis and characterization of novel segmented polyurethane/clay nanocomposite via poly(E-caprolactone)/clay. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem July 1999 37 2225-33. 

Guo S, Zhang C, Peng H, Wang W, Liu T. Structural characterization, thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane/CoAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposites prepared via in situ polymerization. Compos Sci Technol February 2011 71 791-6. 

Chen J, Zhou Y, Nan Q, Sun Y, Ye X, Wang Z. Synthesis, characterization and infrared emis-sivity study of polyurethane/Ti02 nanocomposites. Appl Surf Sci May 2007 253 9154-8. 

Kotal M, Kuila T, Srivastava SK, Bhowmick AK. Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci July 2009 114 2691-9. 

Aslzadeh Mohammad M., Abdouss Majid, and Sadeghi Gity M. M. Preparation and characterization of new flame retardant polyurethane composite and nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127 no. 3 (2013) 1683-1690. 

S. Semenzato, A. Lorenzetti, M. Modesti, E. Ugel, D. Hrelja, S. Besco, R. A. Michelin, A. Sassi, G. Facchin, F. Zorzi, and R. Bertani, A novel phosphorus polyurethane FOAM/montmorillonite nanocomposite Preparation, characterization and thermal behaviour. Applied Clay Science, 44 (2009), 35 2. 

Juntaro et al. [30] prepared and characterized nanocomposite films of bacterial cellulose (10-50 wt%) and polyurethane-based resin. The authors indicated that bacterial cellulose showed good compatibility with PU-based resin. Moreover, they observed that the filler swelled in ethanol, and that bacterial cellulose sheets prepared from fiber... 

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