Polyunsaturated fatty acids, source

Ackman, R.G. and Cunnane, S.C. (1992) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids sources, biochemistry, and nutritional/clinical applications. Adv. Appl. Lipid Res., 1, 161-215. 

TABLE 19. Comparison of the Effect of Canola Oil and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Plasma Total and LDL Cholesterol of Normolipidemic Subjects. 

The red microalga genus Porphyridium is a source of biochemicals possessing nutritional and therapeutic values. The biochemicals include polysaccharides that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids such as zeaxanthin, and fluorescent phycobiliproteins. 

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

To provide a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and other compounds that can be released to act as intracellular messengers or as precursors for such messengers. These are usually part of a communication system from the extracellular to the intracellular environments. 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

Fats are primarily important energy suppliers in the diet. Per gram, they provide more than twice as much energy as proteins and carbohydrates. Fats are essential as suppliers of fat-soluble vitamins (see p. 364) and as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed to biosynthesize eicosanoids (see pp. 48, 390). 

Potatoes are not regarded as an important source of lipids, because the lipid content of the tuber is very low, ranging from 0.2 to 2 g (1.2 g on average) per kg on a fresh weight basis (OECD, 2002). The flesh of boiled potato cooked in skin without salt contains about 0.1 g total lipids, 0.03 g total saturated fatty acids, 0.002 g total monounsaturated fatty acids, and 0.043 g total polyunsaturated fatty acids per 100 g (USDA, 2007). The Adequate Intake determined for the essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is for adults 11-17 and l.l-1.6g per day, respectively (Food and Nutrition Board, 2005). 

When trans-fatty acids are fed to rats with adequate amounts of essential fatty acids, they have little effect on growth, longevity, or reproduction, but when fed as the sole source of lipids they exaggerate the symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency (111). An effect on the metabolism of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was noted however. 

Marine fishes are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, enzymes, and bioactive peptides (Kim et ah, 2008). Marine fish-derived ACE inhibitory peptides have been purified from enzymatic digestion of various fish materials from Alaska pollack (Nakajima et ah, 2009), bonito (Fujita et ah, 2000 Hideaki et ah, 1993 Yokoyama et ah,... 

Sea animals are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with low caloric value. Polysaccharides from marine animals have been reported to possess biological activities with potential medicinal values in addition to their current status as a source of dietary fibers and prebiotics. Moreover, they have a lot of dietary fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol, and iodine, which improves metabolism, vascular and cardiac action, body temperature, and perspiration regulation, and are effective in... 

Vegetable oils are rich sources of vitamin E, whereas liver and eggs contain moderate amounts. The RDA for a-tocopherol is 10 mg for men and 8 mg for women. Vitamin E requirement increases as the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid increases. 

Arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid), a polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from dietary sources or by desaturation and chain elongation of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid, is found widely in the body. It is transported in a protein-bound state and stored in the phospholipids of cell membranes in all tissues of the body [108] from where it can be changed into biologically... 

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