Polypropylene-g-poly methyl

Most of the polymers are better known by their trivial names or trade names. Polymers prepared from single polymers are denoted by prefixing poly- to the name of the monomer, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, Polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, etc. If the monomer has substituents or has a multi-worded name, the name of the monomer is enclosed in parenthesis after the prefix poly-, e.g., poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (vinyl alcohol), etc. Condensation polymers like that derived from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid are named as poly (ethylene terephthalate). 

Three-component polypropylene, 1-99 wt% PP, blends comprised 1. either acidified PP, its mixture with PP, or a mixture of PP with carboxylic acid-modified EPR 2. 99-1 wt% of maleated polymer [e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene-co-MA] and 3. epoxy group-containing copolymer [e.g., 0.1-300 phr of ethylene-methyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate = 65-15-20 or ethylene-vinyl acetate-glycidyl methacrylate = 85-5-10]. The blends were used to mold car bumpers and fenders, with good stiffness and low-temperature impact resistance ... 

In the absence of the reactions considered in Sections 15.2.2 and 15.2.3, homolysis of the polymer chain may occur as in Scheme 1. Subsequent behaviour then depends on the nature of the chain substituents X and Y. There are three situations (a) X = Y = H, no monomer produced, extensive transfer by H abstraction le,g. polyethylene (PE)] (b) X = H, amount of monomer depends on nature of Y, extensive transfer by H abstraction le.g, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)] (c) X, Y H, large amount of monomer (up to 100%) transfer present or absent depending on nature of X, Y, e,g. poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(a-methyl styrene) (PAMS). Monomer results by depropagation from the polymer radical chain end produced on homolysis (Scheme 2). 

LET dependence has been related to hydrogen yields in PE, polypropylene (PP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS) when their films were exposed to y-rays, MeV range protons, and MeV range carbon ions. The number of hydrogen molecules formed per incident particle, when each is stopped within a film, increases with particle energy and charge, but the G values decrease. 

In addition, borane-containing POs can be prepared by copolymerization of olefin with borane monomers or by hydroboration of polyolefins including unsaturated groups, such as olefin-divinylbenzene copolymer and olefin-diene copolymers. Many kinds of graft copolymers, such as poly-elhylene-gra/f-poly( vinyl alcohol), PE-g-PMMA, polypropylcnc-gra/f-poly-(maleicanhydride-co-styrene), polypropylene-gra/f-poly(methacrylic acid), polypropylene-gra/f-poly(vinyl alcohol), polypropylene-gra/f-polycaprolac-tone (PP-g-PCL), polypropylcnc-gra/f-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PP-g-PMMA), poly( ethylene-co-propylene)-gra/f-poly(methyl methacrylate) (EPR-g-PMMA), and poly(ethylene-co-propylene)-gra/f-poly(maleic anhydride-costyrene), have been synthesized by such a method resulting in controllable composition and molecular microstructures [63-66]. 

Figure 5.1. Molecular structures of the chemical repeat units for common polymers. Shown are (a) polyethylene (PE), (b) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), (c) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), (d) polypropylene (PP), (e) polyisobutylene (PIB), (f) polybutadiene (PBD), (g) c/5-polyisoprene (natural rubber), (h) traw5-polychloroprene (Neoprene rubber), (i) polystyrene (PS), (j) poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), (k) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), ( ) polycaprolactam (polyamide - nylon 6), (m) nylon 6,6, (n) poly(ethylene teraphthalate), (o) poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS).

From Table I it is clear that polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are much more resistant to y-rays than polypropylene (PP), low density PE (LDPE), poly(oxymethylene) (POM), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(propylene oxide) (PPOx), and somewhat more resistant than poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or 6-6 nylon. A very commonly used plastic, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG), is perhaps the least resistant of all the plastics giving off hydrogen chloride with quite a high G-value when irradiated. 

In this section, the future developments will be discussed that might be expected in commercial polymer blends comprising at least one of the constituents from the class of commodity polymers. Generally, the commodity polymers considered include polyethylene (and variants LDPE, HOPE, LLDPE, VLDPE and ethylene copolymers), polypropylene (PP), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR and EPDM), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), ABS, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Elastomeric polymers commonly used in tire and associated applications are important in polymer blends as many tire component constructions employ polymer blends to maximize performance. However, these will not be considered here. Thermosetting polymers which could be classified as commodity polymers (urethane, phenolics, epoxies) will also not be covered, but will be mentioned in a later section discussing new polymer blends designed for specific applications (e.g., water based coatings). 

FIGURE 12.6 Plot of the glass transition temperature as a function of log r, where x is the number of chain atoms or bonds in the backbone. Data for (-0-) poly(a-methyl styrene), (-A-) poly(methyl methacrylate) (- -) polystyrene, (- -) poly(vinylchloride), (-A-) isotactic poly-propylene, (- -) atactic polypropylene, and (- -) poly(dimethylsiloxane). (From Cowie, J.M.G., Eur. Polym. J., 11, 297, 1975. With permission of Pergamon Press.)... 

Air velocity 25 mm/s for specimens of 3, 10, and 25 g 50 mm/s for specimens of 40 mmx 40 mmx 50 mm (indicated by X on the abscissa). Ignition by pilot flame A PVC B polyethylene C polypropylene D polystyrene E poly(methyl methacrylate) G polyester amine-cured epoxy resin /.-carboxylic anhydride-cured epoxy resin J resin I filled with 60 phr. of AI2O3 K resin I filled with 60 phr. of Al(OH)3 L beech-wood M ... 

PP-g-PCL Polypropylene-gra/t-polycaprolactone PP-g-PMMA Polypropylene-gra/t-poly(methyl methacrylate)... 

Notes The values of A, B, and C and thus of y are based on a reference volume Vre/ = 0.1 nm Polymer notation A d- label preceding the polymer acronym indicates a per-deuterated polymer partially deuterated polymers are labeled as dy, df, etc., for selective deuteration of 3, 4, etc., hydrogens. Numbers in subscripted parentheses after the polymer name indicate the primary comonomer fraction, e.g., SPB(6s) is a saturated polybutadiene with 66 mol% butadiene Polymer acronyms P2VP poly(2-vinyl pyridine), P4MS poly(4-methylstyrene), PBMA poly(n-butyl methacrylate), PCHA poly(cyclohexyl acrylate), PEB poly(ethyl butylene), PIB polyisobutylene, PI polyisoprene, PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate), PPMA poly(n-pentyl methacrylate), PP polypropylene, HHPP head-to-head polypropylene, PS polystyrene, PVME poly(vinyl methyl ether), PXE poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide), SPB saturated polybutadiene, SPI saturated polyisoprene... 

So far, various bio-based polymers have been developed, e.g., cellulose acetate, poly(alkylene succinate)s, starch-based blends, poly(3-hydroxy alkanoate)s (PHA) [1], poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [2], etc. Nowadays, some typical commodity plastics have also been S5mthesized from biomass, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(methyl methacrylate) [3], polyamide-4 [4], and polycarbonate [5]. If plastic materials are synthesized from renewable resources and circularly utilized with precise control of their depolymerization, an ideal recycling system could be constructed for plastic products, in which the resources and production energy could be minimized. Thus, the development of bio-based recyclable polymers is significant. In Scheme 9.1, t5 ical... 

Most commercial polymers are substantially linear. They have a single chain of mers that forms the backbone of the molecule. Side-chains can occur and can have a major affect on physical properties. An elemental analysis of any polyolefin, (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(l-butene), etc.) gives the same empirical formula, CH2, and it is only the nature of the side-chains that distinguishes between the polyolefins. Polypropylene has methyl side-chains on every other carbon atom along the backbone. Side-chains at random locations are called branches. Branching and other polymer structures can be deduced using analytical techniques such as NMR. 

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