Polyphenylene oxide general

Polyether Polyphenylene oxide General Electric IS00 84 77 0.1 max. 54 C... 

Polyphenylene oxide)s. Properties Comparison Chart, General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass., 1969. 

In 1965 the poly-(2,6-dimethyl-/7-phenylene ether) was introduced as polyphenylene oxide (misleadingly ) and also as PPO by the General Electric Co. in the USA and by AKU in Holland. The commercial materials had a molecular weight of 25 000-60 000. 

Polyphenylene Oxide. This is actually poly (2,6-dimethyl-phenylene oxide) and was introduced by General Electric as the first... 

Mixed esters, such as isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and tcrt-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, are also widely used as both plasticizers/flame retardants for engineering thermoplastics and hydraulic fluids.11 These esters generally show slightly less flame-retardant efficacy, when compared to triaryl counterparts however, they have the added advantage of lower smoke production when burned. Some novel oligomeric phosphate flame retardants (based on tetraphenyl resorcinol diphosphate) are also employed to flame retard polyphenylene oxide blends, thermoplastic polyesters, polyamides, vinyls, and polycarbonates. 

Touring the last decade, catalyzed oxidative coupling has gained wide-spread interest as a novel and general polymerization method. Various polymer systems of scientific and commercial interest have been prepared by this novel technique. Such polymer systems include polyphenylene oxides) (9, 13, 25), of which poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO) is produced commercially polyphenylenes (21) poly-... 

To the range of engineering plastics were added polyethylene and polybutylene tereph-thalates (PET and PBT), as well as General Electric s polyethers, the PPO (polyphenylene oxide) produced through polymerization of 2,6-xylenol and the Noryl plastic produced by blending PPO with polystyrene. Other special polymers, derived like the polycarbonates from bisphenol A, were added to this range polyarylates, polysul-fones, polyetherimides. 

Polyether NS 100 (ultrathin) Polyphenylene oxide sulfone General Electric 1500 84 77 0.1 54C... 

Fortunately, the deficiencies of both the classic thermosets and general purpose thermoplastics have been overcome by the commercialization of a series of engineering plastics including polyacetals, polyamides, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, polyaryl esters, polyaryl sulfones, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketones and polylmides. Many improvements in performance and processing of these new polymers may be anticipated through copolymerization, blending and the use of reinforcements. 

Spin relaxation in dilute solution has been employed to characterize local chain motion in several polymers with aromatic backbone units. The two general types examined so far are polyphenylene oxides (1-2) and aromatic polycarbonates (3-5) and these two types are the most common high impact resistant engineering plastics. The polymer considered in this report is an aromatic polyformal (see Figure 1) where the aromatic unit is identical to that of one of the polycarbonates. This polymer has a similar dynamic mechanical spectrum to the impact resistant polycarbonates (6 ) and is therefore an interesting system for comparison of chain dynamics. 

Sulfonation of aromatic polymers has been explored as a method to produce hydrophilic polymers with water permeability and salt rejection characteristics. These have been of interest because of their potentially high degree of chlorine resistance. The use of sulfonated aromatic polymers for reverse osmosis membranes began in the late 1960 s with the work of Plummer, Kimura and LaConti of General Electric Company.82 Polyphenylene oxide [poly(2,6-di-... 

An important requirement for plastics materials in the automotive industry is paintability alongside metal components in high temperature areas. Noryl GTX series of General Electric has been developed to meet this requirement. The blend consisting of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) in a nylon matrix combines the heat and dimensional stability and the low water absorption of PPO with the flow and semicrystalline properties of nylons. Its impact strength, however, is not as high as PC/PBT blends. 

Because of the Kmitation of temperature resistance, the use of plastic components in ovens has been mostly limited to exterior trim. Plastics however are gradually being used for semi-structural components. Endcaps with a metallic finish are a typical example. General Electric have used a sputter-coated modified Noryl polyphenylene oxide for a shiny metallic appearance for the Tappan oven. The material provides flame resistance, electrical insulation, and resistance to heat, grease, and abrasion. 

Polyphenylene oxide joints must mate almost perfectly otherwise, solvent welding provides a weak bond. Very little solvent cement is needed. Best results are obtained by applying the solvent cement to only one substrate. Optimum holding time has been found to be 4 min at approximately 400 psi. A mixture of 95 percent chloroform and 5 percent carbon tetrachloride is the best solvent system for general-purpose bonding, but very good ventilation is necessary. Ethylene dichloride offers a slower rate of evaporation for large structures or hot climates. 

Electroplating chemicals n. Copper, gold, silver, chromium, and nickel are generally used as the conductive metal for plating. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins have been most widely used for electroplated articles. Others in commercial use for the process include cellulose acetate, some grades of polypropylene, polysulfones, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, nylons, and rigid PVC. 

ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene EVA Ethylene-vinyl-acetate LDPE Low-density polyethylene GP General purpose N/R Not reported PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate PPO Polyphenylene oxide PTEE Polytetrafluoroethylene PU Polyurethane PVC Polyvinyl chloride PVDE Polyvinylidine fluoride Source Author s own files ... 

Figure P.16 General chemical structure of polyphenylene oxide.

Conventional insulation materials are of the closed-cell foam type and are unlikely to be used in this application, because the pressure will crush the cells, increasing the thermal conductivity. Yates investigated open-cell foams for use with liquid hydrogen and reported best results with polyphenylene oxide (PPO). This is an anisotropic open-cell material with elongated cells in the depth direction, as developed by General Electric. From Yates data on the thermal conductivity of this material and the known properties of methane. Walker, Stuchly, and Read have estimated that the effective thermal conductivity for PPO foam filled with methane at 7.0 MPa ( 1000 psi) would be of the order of 70 mW/m K. It is, however, very important to note this value is speculative and experimental verification is urgently required. 

The above materials are crystalline polymers, and such materials have generally superior frictional, wear and fatigue properties, compared with amorphous polymers. However, amorphous polymers show lower mould shrinkage and where dimensional accuracy is paramount they may be preferred. Suitable engineering types are polycarbonate (PC) and noryl (styrene modified polyphenylene oxide). 

Polyphenylene oxide (Noryl from GE) and polyphenylene sulfide (Ryton from Phillips) are used as high-temperature engineering plastics. Polyphenyl ether sulfones are manufactured by a number of companies under a variety of trade names including 720P, 220P by ICI and RADEL by Union Carbide. They are generally used as injection-moldable thermoplastics and in the adhesive and composite industry. 

LDPE - low-density polyethylene, HDPE - high-density polyethylene, PP - polypropylene, PET - polyethylene terephthalate, PEEK - poly ether ether ketone, PC - polycarbonate, PPO - polyphenylene oxide, PMMA - polymethyl methacrylate, PI - polyimide, PEI - polyetherimide, PU = polyurethane, PTEE - polytetrafluoroethylene, PPS = polyparaphenylene sulfide, PES = polyethersulphone, GP - general purpose, N/A = not available. 

Within 10 years — from 1959 to 1969 — five new generics were introduced. In 1959, Du Pont introduced polyacetal, and Bayer and General Electric commercialized polycarbonate. Polyphenylene oxide was introduced by General Electric in 1962 and one of the first blends — modified polyphenylene oxide — debuted in 1965. Celanese commercialized polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) in 1968. 

During that year ULTEM polyetherimides were added to General Electric Plastics family of polymers which, at the time, included polycarbonates, modified polyphenylene oxides and polybutylene terephthalate. This addition was noteworthy because it occurred at a time when bringing totally new polymers from the research laboratory to the marketplace had become a rare event. 

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