Polymers HIPS polystyrene

Fig. 1. da/dn vs. AK curves for the homogeneous glassy polymers, PS and PC, for two rubber modified polymers, HIPS and ABS, and for a crosslinked polystyrene XLPS. Data from Ref... 

Figure 3.25 In situ deformation of a rubber-toughened polymer (HIPS - high impact polystyrene) (a) overview of the area under load and (b) area in front of a crack tip (in micrograph (a) at the bottom) with rubber particles (gray) in a matrix (black) with crazes (bright) 2-pm-thick deformed section, deformation direction see arrow, in lOOOkV HEM.

Fig. 5.66 Stress-strain curves for rubber-toughened polymers, (a) Polystyrene (PS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) (after Bucknall). (b) Rubber-toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) showing the effect of the weight fraction of rubber particlesy Wp (courtesy D.E.J. Saunders).

When styrene is copolymerized with rubber to impact polymers (HIPS and ABS), rubber particles are imbedded into a polystyrene matrix. These soft rubber particles grafted onto a rigid polystyrene body are not compact... 

Noryl. Noryl engineering thermoplastics are polymer blends formed by melt-blending DMPPO and HIPS or other polymers such as nylon with proprietary stabilizers, flame retardants, impact modifiers, and other additives (69). Because the mbber characteristics that are required for optimum performance in DMPPO—polystyrene blends are not the same as for polystyrene alone, most of the HIPS that is used in DMPPO blends is designed specifically for this use (70). Noryl is produced as sheet and for vacuum forming, but by far the greatest use is in pellets for injection mol ding. 

Polystyrene. Polystyrene [9003-53-6] is a thermoplastic prepared by the polymerization of styrene, primarily the suspension or bulk processes. Polystyrene is a linear polymer that is atactic, amorphous, inert to acids and alkahes, but attacked by aromatic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dry cleaning fluids. It is clear but yellows and crazes on outdoor exposure when attacked by uv light. It is britde and does not accept plasticizers, though mbber can be compounded with it to raise the impact strength, ie, high impact polystyrene (HIPS). Its principal use in building products is as a foamed plastic (see Eoamed plastics). The foams are used for interior trim, door and window frames, cabinetry, and, in the low density expanded form, for insulation (see Styrene plastics). 

Dow ABS Nylon 6/6 Polycarbonate Polyethylene, HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, ULDPE Polypropylene HPPP, CPPP Polystyrene HIPS, GPPS, Recycled, Advanced Styrenic Resin SAN Polyurethane Elastomers Polyolefin Plastomer PC/ABS Crystalline Polymer ABS/TPU... 

Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPT), 185 HFBPA-based poly(arylene ether)s, 362 HFCs. See Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 219 High-melting polymers, 33 High-melting-point fiber-forming polyesters, 19... 

Transition from liquid behavior to solid behavior has been reported with fine particle suspensions with increased filler content in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Industrially important classes are rubber-modified polymer melts (small rubber particles embedded in a polymer melt), e.g. ABS (acrylo-nitrile-butadiene-styrene) or HIPS (high-impact polystyrene) and fiber-reinforced polymers. Another interesting suspension is present in plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) at low temperatures, when suspended PVC particles are formed in the melt [96], The transition becomes evident in the following... 

Polycarbonate is blended with a number of polymers including PET, PBT, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) rubber, and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. The blends have lower costs compared to polycarbonate and, in addition, show some property improvement. PET and PBT impart better chemical resistance and processability, ABS imparts improved processability, and SMA imparts better retention of properties on aging at high temperature. Poly(phenylene oxide) blended with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) (polybutadiene-gra/f-polystyrene) has improved toughness and processability. The impact strength of polyamides is improved by blending with an ethylene copolymer or ABS rubber. 

High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is produced by polymerizing styrene in the presence of a rubber, usually poly(l,3-butadiene). HIPS has improved impact resistance compared to polystyrene and competes with ABS products at low-cost end applications such as fast-food cups, lids, takeout containers, toys, kitchen appliances, and personal-care product containers. HIPS as well as ABS and SMA are used in physical blends with other polymers, such as polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyamides, to improve impact resistance (Sec. 2-13c-3). 

Although this method yields a mixture of homopolymer and graft copolymer, and probably also ungrafted backbone polymer, some of the systems have commercial utility. These are high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) [styrene polymerized in the presence of poly(l,3-buta-diene)], ABS and MBS [styrene-acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate-styrene, respectively, copolymerized in the presence of either poly(l,3-butadiene) or SBR] (Sec. 6-8a). 

Figure 5.84 Stress-strain curves for polystyrene (PS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). Reprinted, by permission, from N. G. McCrum, C. P. Buckley, and C. B. Bucknall, Principles of Polymer Engineering, 2nd ed., p. 200. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.

The term graft copolymer is used to describe copolymers with long sequences of another monomer (comonomer) as branches on the main polymer chain. Most commercial varieties of high-impact polystyrene (HIP) and copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene (ABS) are graft copolymen in which the main polymer chain is polybutadiene and the branches are styrene, or styrene and acrylonitrile. Figure 1.12 shows various types of copolymers. 

PBDEs are used in different resins, polymers, and substrates at levels ranging from 5 to 30% by weight (EU 2001). Plastic materials that utilize PBDEs as flame retardants include ABS polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polyamide(PA) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyethylene (PE) cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polypropylene (PP) polystyrene (PS) high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polyurethane (PUR) and unsaturated polyester (UPE). These polymers and examples of their final products are summarized inTable 5-2 (Hardy 2002 WHO 1994a). 

S. Chang, T. Xie, and G. Yang, Effects of polystyrene-encapsulated magnesium hydroxide on rheological and flame-retarding properties of HIPS composites, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 91(12) 3266-3273, December 2006. 

The technical and commercial success of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) has led to a widespread research program on the use of rubbers as toughening agents for plastics. There is now an impressive 11st of rubber-toughened polymers including both amorphous and... 

Characteristic functions and the representative structures of plastics additives providing marketable and durable materials are included in this chapter. Types of additives for plastics used in contact with food are listed in Table 3-1. Similar additives as for PS are used for elastomer-modified plastics forming multilayer systems (blends) and used rather exceptionally in contact with food, such as high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS). Some of the additives, stabilizers in particular, are very reactive and are present in the plastic matrix in a chemically transformed form. 

To improve the properties of PLA, plasticizers, special additives such as chain-extenders, polymer blends, and composites are commonly investigated. Martin and Averous (10) have studied the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of PLA. Pilla et al. (11-12) have investigated the effects of chain-extenders on the foaming properties of PLA. In addition, a vast number of studies have been conducted to enhance the properties of PLA by blending it with various polymers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyvinyl acetate, polyolefins, polystyrene, HIPS (high impact polystyrene), polyacetals, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (13-26). 

This class of additives covers a broad range from butadiene to acrylic polymers. Since these additives are polymeric in nature, diffuse reflection will occur at the polymer-modifier interfaces similar to polymer blends. Again, this will result in colors that appear lighter and duller. Table 23.5 contains three examples of impact-modified colors again in polyester compared to the neat resin without modifier. As expected, the impact-modified colors are lighter and have lower chroma. In practice, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or HIPS would have a more restricted color gamut compared to their transparent SAN and polystyrene (PS) base polymers. 

We have tested the following polymers polycarbonate (PC), poly-carbonate/4% polyethylene blend (PC/PE), poly (ethylene terephthal-ate) (PET), ABS, and impact modified polystyrene (HIPS). All materials except PC were compression molded into nominal Vs-inch sheets. The PC used was an Vs-inch extruded sheet heat-treated in a manner previously described (22). These PC specimens were considered to be... 

Van Henten, at the Shell Plastic Laboratories (II), showed that styrene-butadiene block polymers can be blended with commercial HIPS to upgrade its impact strength to 5.8 ft-lbs/inch. Childers, at Phillips Petroleum (12), blended commercial polystyrene with block polymers in a Brabender plastograph. To control rubber particle size he added a peroxide during the blending operation, thereby creating crosslinks. With this technique he achieved an impact strength of 5.9 ft-lbs/inch. 

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