Polymeric macromolecules

Yijin X. and Caiyaun P., Block and star-hlock copolymers by mechanism transformation. 3. S-(PTHF-PSt)4 and S-(PTHF-PSt-PMMA)4 from living CROP to ATRP, Macromolecules, 33, 4750, 2000. Feldthusen J., Ivan B., and Mueller A.H.E., Synthesis of linear and star-shaped block copolymers of isobutylene and methacrylates hy combination of living cationic and anionic polymerizations. Macromolecules, 31, 578, 1998. 

Ohshima, H Kondo, T, Electrophoretic Mobility and Donnan Potential of a Large Colloidal Particle with a Surface Charge Layer, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 116, 305, 1987. O Neil, GA Torkelson, JM, Modeling Insight into the Diffusion-Limited Cause of the Gel Effect in Free Radical Polymerization, Macromolecules 32,411, 1999. 

Satoh, M., Komiyama, J. lijima, T. (1984). Counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions a theoretical prediction of the dependences on the ionic strength and degree of polymerization. Macromolecules, 18, 1195-2000. 

An aqueous colloidal polymeric dispersion by definition is a two-phase system comprised of a disperse phase and a dispersion medium. The disperse phase consists of spherical polymer particles, usually with an average diameter of 200-300 nm. According to their method of preparation, aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions can be divided into two categories (true) latices and pseudolatices. True latices are prepared by controlled polymerization of emulsified monomer droplets in aqueous solutions, whereas pseudolatices are prepared starting from already polymerized macromolecules using different emulsification techniques. 

Llinas GH, Dong SH, Mallin DT, Rausch MD, Lin YG, Winter HH, Chien JCW (1992) Crystalline-amorphous block polypropylene and nonsymmetric ansa-metallocene catalyzed polymerization. Macromolecules 25 1242-1253... 

T. Ahn, S. Ko, J. Lee, and H. Shim, Novel cyclohexylsiyl — or phenylsiyl-substituted poly(p-phe-nylene vinylene)s via the halogen precursor route and Gilch polymerization, Macromolecules, 35 3495-3505, 2002. 

P. Zhou, G. Q. Chen, H. Hong, F.S. Du, Z.C. Li, F. M. Li, Synthesis of C60-endbonded polymers with designed molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions via atom transfer radical polymerization, Macromolecules, vol. 33, pp. 1948-1954, 2000. 

Lignin A large polymeric macromolecule synthesized only by woody plants. The degradation of lignin is a unique source of phenolic acids. 

Any set of ligand interactions with oligomeric or polymeric macromolecules, such that binding of the first (or preceding) ligand molecule increases the likelihood for binding of the next (or subsequent) ligand molecule. In... 

Kato M, Kamigaito M, Sawamoto M et al. (1995) Polymerization of methyl methacrylate with the carbon-tetrachloride dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)-ruthenium(ll) methyla-luminum bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) initiating system - possibility of living radical polymerization. Macromolecules 28 1721-1723... 

Becer CR, Paulus RM, Hoppener S et al. (2008) Synthesis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-h-poly(styrene) copolymers via a dual initiator route combining cationic ring opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules 41 5210-5215... 

Xu C, Wu T, Drain CM, Batteas JD, Beers KL (2005) MicroChannel confined surface-initiated polymerization. Macromolecules 38 6... 

Ouhadi T, Hamitou R, Jerome R, Teyssie P (1976) Soluble bimetallic p-oxoalkoxides. 8. Structure and kinetic behavior of the catalytic species in unsubstituted lactone ring-opening polymerization. Macromolecules 9 927-931... 

Duda A, Kowalski A, Penczek S, Uyama H, Kobayashi S (2002) Kinetics of the ring-opening polymerization of 6-, 7-, 9-, 12-, 13-, 16-, and 17-membered lactones. Comparison of chemical and enzymatic polymerizations. Macromolecules 35 4266 270... 

Bazzi HS, Bouffard J, Sleiman HR Self-complementary ABC triblock copolymers via ringopening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 2003 36 7899-7902. 

Granville AM, Boyes SG, Akgun B, EosterMD, Brittain WJ. Synthesis and characterization of stimuli-responsive semifluorinated polymer brushes prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules 2004 37 2790-2796. 

Kobaslija M, McQuade DT. Polyurea microcapsules from oil-in-oil emulsions via interfacial polymerization. Macromolecules 2006 39 6371-6375. 

Santora BP, Gagne MR, Moloy KG, Radu NS. Porogen and cross-linking effects on the surface area, pore volume distribution, and morphology of macroporous polymers obtained by bulk polymerization. Macromolecules 2001 34 658-661. 

Proteins, peptides, and other polymeric macromolecules display varying degrees of chemical and physical stability. The degree of stability of these macromolecules influence the way they are manufactured, distributed, and administered. Chemical stability refers to how readily the molecule can undergo chemical reactions that modify specific amino-acid residues, the building blocks of the proteins and peptides. Chemical instability mechanisms of proteins and peptides include hydrolysis, deamidation, racemization, beta-elimination, disulfide exchange, and oxidation. Physical stability refers to how readily the molecule loses its tertiary and/or sec-... 

The dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA) is an important tool for studying the structure-property relationships in polymer nanocomposites. DMTA essentially probes the relaxations in polymers, thereby providing a method to understand the mechanical behavior and the molecular structure of these materials under various conditions of stress and temperature. The dynamics of polymer chain relaxation or molecular mobility of polymer main chains and side chains is one of the factors that determine the viscoelastic properties of polymeric macromolecules. The temperature dependence of molecular mobility is characterized by different transitions in which a certain mode of chain motion occurs. A reduction of the tan 8 peak height, a shift of the peak position to higher temperatures, an extra hump or peak in the tan 8 curve above the glass transition temperature (Tg), and a relatively high value of the storage modulus often are reported in support of the dispersion process of the layered silicate. 

When the transfer reaction competes successfully with further insertion, as in the case of nickel, dimerization becomes the dominant transformation. When metal hydride elimination, in turn, is slow relative to insertion, polymeric macromolecules are formed. Ligand modification, the oxidation state of the metal, and reaction conditions affect the probability of the two reactions. Since nickel hydride, like other metal hydrides, catalyzes double-bond migration, isomeric alkenes are usually isolated. 

Ochi.H., Yokoyama,M., Tadokoro.H., Price,C.C. Infrared evidence for inversion ring-opening of ethylene oxide polymerization. Macromolecules, to be published. 

Charpentier, P. A Kennedy, K. A. DeSimone, J. M. Roberts, G. W. Continuous Polymerizations in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Chain-Growth Precipitation Polymerizations. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 5973-5975. 

K. Kobayashi and T. Kondo, Synthesis of a regiospecifically fluorinated polysaccharide 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-(l — 6)-o -D-glucopyranan via ring-opening polymerization, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 6531-6535. 

Amino acids link together linearly to form proteins, nucleotides link linearly to form RNA and DNA, and sugars link in a more complicated way to form complex carbohydrates. The specific sequence in which these units link together to form the final polymeric macromolecule is called its primary structure. In a way that is still very ill-understood, the primary structure ultimately controls the macromolecule s three-dimensional structure and thereby largely determines its function. There is therefore great interest in analyzing primary structural information in order to detect similarities and relationships between macromolecules. However, as we shall see later, although similar primary structures imply similar three-dimensional structures, it is possible for three-dimensional structures to resemble each other without any sequence similarity. 

Sequence analysis is a core area of bioinformatics research. There are four basic levels of biological structure (Table 1), termed primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Primary structure refers to the representation of a linear, hetero-polymeric macromolecule as a string of monomeric units. For example, the primary structure of DNA is represented as a string of nucleotides (G, C, A, T). Secondary structure refers to the local three-dimensional shape in subsections of macromolecules. For example, the alpha- and beta-sheets in protein structures are examples of secondary structure. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a macromolecule, as in the crystal structure of an entire protein. Finally, quaternary structure represents macromolecule interactions, such as the way different peptide chains dimerize into a single functional protein. 

Arylamines display electronic properties that are favorable for materials science. In particular, arylamines are readily oxidized to the aminium form, and this leads to conductivity in polyanilines, hole-transport properties in triarylamines, stable polyradicals with low energy or ground-state, high-spin structures, and the potential to conduct electrochemical sensing. The high yields of the palladium-catalyzed formation of di- and triarylamines has allowed for ready access to these materials as both small molecules and discrete oligomeric or polymeric macromolecules. 

Schoonbrood, J.M. and Asua, J.M. (1997) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerisation. 9. Optimum surfmer behavior in emulsion polymerization. Macromolecules, 30, 6034-41. 

Hao, J. J., Jikei, M., and Kakimoto, M.A. 2003. Synthesis of hyperbranched aromatic polyimides having the same repeating unit by AB2 self-polymerization and A2 + B3 polymerization. Macromolecules, 36, 3519-3528. 

Spindler, R., and Frechet, J. M. J. 1993. Synthesis and characterization of hyper-branched polyurethanes prepared from blocked isocyanate monomers by step-growth polymerization. Macromolecules, 26, 4809 1813. 

Sunder, A., Hanselmann, R., Frey, H., and Mulhaupt, R. 1999. Controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by ring-opening multibranching polymerization. Macromolecules, 32, 4240 1246. 

Fu, H., Kulshrestha, A. S., Gao, W., and Gross, R. A. 2003. Physical characterization of sorbitol or glycerol containing aliphatic copolyesters synthesized by lipase-catalyzed polymerization. Macromolecules, 36, 9804—9808. 

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