Polymer nanostructuring

In the context of modern acetylene chemistry , which serves a variety of implementations, for example new materials, special polymers, nanostructures, and supramolecular... 

Beckman EJ (1995) Polymer nanostructures via critical fluid processing. In Vincenzi-ni P (ed) Adv Sci Technol New Horizons for Materials, Techna Sri, p 151... 

Li D, Huang J, Kaner RB (2009) Polyaniline nanofibers a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications. Acc Chem Res 42 135... 

Water Solutions of Amphiphilic Polymers Nanostructure Formation and Possibilities for Catalysis... 

Martin, C. R. (1995). Template synthesis of electronically conductive polymer nanostructures. Accounts Chem. Res. 28(2), 61-68. 

Polypyrrole field effect transistors have been produced by an electrochemical method in which conducting polymer nanostructures are directly grown between metal electrodes with the geometry controlled by hydrophilic/hydropho-... 

Figure 6.36. Schematic of the formation of gold nanoparticles coated with free-radical polymerization initiators that subsequently yield Au polymer nanostructures through a surface-controlled living polymerization process. Reproduced with permission from Ohno, K. Koh, K.-M. Tsujii, Y Fukuda, T. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 8989. Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4.11 (a) A photograph of the Australian greengrocer cicada. SEM images of (b) the nanotemplate of the cicada wing nanostructures (the scale bar is 500 nm), (c) the inverse h-PDMS mould, (d) an optical fiber exhibiting the polymer nanostructure replica, (e) the replica coated in silver, and (f) a macroscopic image of the imprinted fiber (Reproduced with permission from [29])... 

Baldus, O., Leopold, A., Hagen, R., Bieringer, T., Ziiker, S. J. (2001). Surface relief gr.uings generated by pulsed holography a simple way to polymer nanostructures without isomeriz-mg side-chains./. Chem. Phys. 114, 1344-1349. 

Polymer surfaces is a field of increasing interest to both basic and applied research (Eisenriegler, 1993). The aim of this section is to show that microhardness is directly related to surface free energy and, therefore, to the degree of polymer perfection at polymer surfaces and interfaces. Studies have revealed that the morphology (crystal thickness and size of the interlamellar regions) of the polymer nanostructure are the main factors determining the microhardness (Balta Calleja et al., 1997). (See also Section 4.2.3.) The hardness-derived parameter... 

Fig. 9 Schematics of reverse-imprinting polymer nanostructures over topography. (View this art in color at www. dekker. com.)...

The reverse-imprinting technique can potentially offer a simple method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) polymer nanostructures. Such 3D structure can be achieved by simply repeating the process and building up the structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. An example of imprinted three-layer nanostructure, using three different polymers with progressively lower Tg, is shown in Fig. Note that this approach can... 

There are many potential applications of such 3D polymer nanostructures. Multilayered structure with varied grating periods can be used as size-controlled filters in microfluidics to select and separate particles of different sizes. Another potential application is to fabricate periodic 3D polymer structures and infiltrate the polymer template with high refractive index inorganic... 

Fig. 12 Schematic of (A) building 3D polymer nanostructures by using reverse-imprint thermal plastic or photosensitive material is spin-coated on the mold for pattern transfer and (B) infiltrate the 3D periodic structure with other materials, such as inorganic materials that have high refractive index then remove the polymer template layer to create a 3D pattern of the infiltrated material that is complementary to the original polymer resist pattern. (View this art in color at www.dekker.com.)...

S. Zavyalov, A. Pivkina, and J. Schoonman, Formation and characterization of metal-polymer nanostructured composites. Solid State Ionics 2002 147 415 19... 

The first report of TEMT on block copolymer nanostructures, by Spontak [164], appeared in 1988. This was followed by three morphological smdies carried out in the 1990s [165-167]. Only recently has TEMT become more popular in characterizing polymer nanostructures, including block copolymers [134, 164, 167-173], nanocomposites [174, 175], and polymer nanocomposites [176]. Kawase et al. [177] recently presented a protocol to perform complete rotation (i.e., 90°) on a Zr02/polymer nanocomposite, by which they achieved truly quantitative TEMT for the first time. 

Among solid polymer nanostructures, two types of systems will be described (a) complexes of polyelectrolyte gels with surfactants and (b) crosslinked polymers containing nanopores or nanocavihes. 

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