Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite

Giannelis, E.P. 1996. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Advanced Materials 8 29-35. 

Giannelis, E.P. 1998. Polymer- layered silicate nanocomposites synthesis, properties and applications. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 675-680. 

Homminga, D., Goderis, B., Hoffman, S., Reynaers, H. and Groeninckx, G. 2005. Influence of shear flow on the preparation of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Polymer 46 9941-9954. 

Ray, S.S. and Okamoto, M. 2003. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite a review from preparation to processing. Progress in Polymer Science 28 1539-1641. 

Krishnamoorti, R., Vaia, R.A. and Giannelis, E. (1996) Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials, 8, 1728-1734. 

Since the possibility of direct melt intercalation was first demonstrated [11], melt intercalation has become a method of preparation of the intercalated polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNCs). This process involves annealing, statically or under shear, a mixture of the polymer and organically modified layered fillers (OMLFs) above the softening point of the polymer. During annealing, the polymer chains diffused from the bulk polymer melt into the nano-galleries between the layered fillers. 

Okamoto, M. (2003) Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites , Rapra Review Report No 163, 166 pp Rapra Technology Ltd., London. 

Okamoto, M. (2006) Recent advances in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites an overview from science to technology. Materials Science and Technology, 22 (7), 756-779. 

Ahmadi SJ, Huang YD, Li W (2004) Synthetic routes, properties and future applications of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 39 1919-1925... 

Laird DA, Barriuso E, Dowdy RH, Koskinen WC (1992) Adsorption of atrazine on smectites. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56 62-67 LeBaron PC, Wang Z, Pinnavaia TJ (1999) Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites an overview. Appl Clay Sci 15 11-29 Lee J-F, Crum JR, Boyd SA (1989) Enhanced retention of organic contaminants by soil exchanged with organic cations. Environ Sci Technol 23 1365-1372 Lee J-F, Mortland MM, Boyd SA, Chiou CT (1989a) Shape-selective adsorption of aromatic molecules from water by tetramethylammonium-smectite. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 8 2953-2962... 

Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute. 

M. Alexandre, P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites Preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials, Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 28, pp. 1-63, 2000. 

P. C. LeBaron, Z. Wang, T. J. Pinnavaia, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites An overview, Applied Clay Science, vol. 15, pp. 11-29,1999. 

Gilman JW, Davis RD, BeUayer S et al. (2005) Use of optical probes and laser scanning con-focal fluorescence microscopy for high-throughput characterization of dispersion in polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. PMSE Prepr 92 168-169... 

The effect of polymer-filler interaction on solvent swelling and dynamic mechanical properties of the sol-gel-derived acrylic rubber (ACM)/silica, epoxi-dized natural rubber (ENR)/silica, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silica hybrid nanocomposites was described by Bandyopadhyay et al. [27]. Theoretical delineation of the reinforcing mechanism of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites has been attempted by some authors while studying the micromechanics of the intercalated or exfoliated PNCs [28-31]. Wu et al. [32] verified the modulus reinforcement of rubber/clay nanocomposites using composite theories based on Guth, Halpin-Tsai, and the modified Halpin-Tsai equations. On introduction of a modulus reduction factor (MRF) for the platelet-like fillers, the predicted moduli were found to be closer to the experimental measurements. 

Krishnamoorti R, Silva AS (2000) Rheological properties of polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites. In Pinnavaia TJ, Beall G (eds) Polymer nanocomposites. Wiley, New York Ren J, Silva AS, Krishnamoorti R (2000) Macromolecules 33 3739... 

Krishnamoorti R, Giannelis EP (1997) Rheology of end-tethered polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules 30 4097-4102... 

Morgan, A. B. Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites A review of commercial and open literature systems. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2006, 17, 206-217. 

Giannelis, E. P. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Germany) (1996), 8, 29-35. 

Beyer, F. L., Beck, Tan, N. C., Dasgupta, A., and Galvin, M. E. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites from model surfactants, Chem. Mater. (2002), 14, 2983-2988. 

Gilman, J. W., Kashiwagi, T., Brown, J. E., James E. T., Lomakin, S., Giannelis, E. P, and Manias, E. Flammability studies of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, Materials and Process Affordability Keys to the Future, Book 1 (1998) (International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, vol 43.), 1053-1066. 

The FR properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites have been studied for a wide range of polymers, especially for organomodified montmorillonites (OMMT) in thermoplastics. Depending on the nature of the polymer, the decomposition pathway and decomposition products may change.8 A major consequence of the introduction of modified clays is the formation or the enhancement of charred structure, caused by cross-linking processes possibly catalyzed by the nanoparticles. 

M. Zanetti, S. Lomakin, and G. Camino, Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2000, 279 1-9. 

Gilman, J. W., Awad, W. H., Davis, R. D., Shields, J., Harris, R. H., Davis, C., Morgan, A. B., Sutto, T. E., Callahan, J., Trulove, P. C., and DeLong, H. C. 2002. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites from thermally stable trialkylimidazolium-treated montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials 14 3776-85. 

The static and dynamic properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are discussed, in the context of polymers in confined spaces and polymer brushes. A wide range of experimental techniques as applied to these systems are reviewed, and the salient results from these are compared with a mean field thermodynamic model and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. 

The formation and equilibrium structure of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, in particular with organically modified layered silicates, has been shown to be a strong function of the nature of the polymer (polar or apolar), the charge carrying capacity of the layered silicate, as well as the chain length and structure of the cationic surfactant. However, both the polymer/silicate compatibility and hybrid equilibrium structure for these nanocomposites are observed to be independent of polymer molecular weight. The experimental results have been summarized by Vaia et al. and a lattice based mean field theory has been developed to explain these results [26]. 

Rheology of various polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites - intercalated, exfoliated and end-tethered exfoliated (prepared by in-situ polymerization from reactive groups tethered to the silicate surface), have been performed in a conventional melt-state rheometer in both oscillatory and steady shear modes. These experimental studies have provided insight into the relaxation of polymer chains when confined by the layers of inorganic silicates, as well as the role of shear in orienting the layered nanocomposites. 

Solution blending was found to produce a mixed immiscible intercalated nanocomposite with the clay causing a change in the degradation path (94). In situ polymerisation of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites has been investigated (36). 

Pavlidou, S., and C. D. Papaspyrides. 2008. A review on polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Progr. Polym. Sci. 33 1119-1198. 

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