Salient Results

What is needed at this point is a correlation or other means for estimating r] at every point in the reactor. This may be done empirically for example, by running a single tube of what ultimately will be a multitubular reactor. However, some progress has been made in determining r] from first principles. We outline the salient results achieved to date. 

In another detailed study,62 the target tumor cells for the DC treatment were mouse mastocytoma P815. The current was passed in a three compartment cell in which the cathode compartment (CC) was separated from the anode compartment (AC) by the insertion of an intermediary chamber (IC) which had neither the anode nor the cathode the three compartments were connected in series via filter-paper bridges (Figure 9). Each of the three compartments contained 2 ml of cell suspension and 2 mA current was passed through platinum electrodes inserted in the AC and CC chambers (Figure 9). The salient results of this study are as follows ... 

The addition of sulfenyl halides to both alkenes and alkynes had been the subject of extensive mechanistic study. The salient results up to about 1969 have been reviewed by Mueller (1969) and Modena and Scorrano (1968). Considerable additional work on various aspects of the detailed mechanisms has been done since that time by Schmid and his co-workers (Schmid and Csizmadia, 1972 Schmid et al., 1972 Schmid and Nowlan, 1976 Schmid et al., 1976b Cerksus et al., 1978). A recent short review by Smit et al. (1979) criticizes some aspects of earlier interpretations of mechanism. 

Compound 129 was investigated in a general study of cyclic systems of alternating atoms A and B.142 The salient result was that the requirements for aromaticity in compounds in which the conjugated system is formed of pir- and tin-orbitals differ substantially from those for the more usual cyclic systems composed of atoms with onlypn-orbitals, e.g. sometimes the necessary condition for aromaticity is the presence of an octet rather than a sextet of conjugated electrons. Craig143 has... 

A few salient results that have appeared since the publication of Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry have been collected here. 

We report here the results of a study of the adsorption of the alkaline earth cations to bilayer membranes formed from phosphatidylcholines with saturated chains dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC). Our salient result is that the adsorption of calcium is distinct from the other alkaline earth cations in two respects. First, only calcium adsorbs significantly more strongly to PCs with saturated chains than to phosphatidyl cholines with unsaturated chains, even when all lipids are present in the liquid crystalline state. Second, when the membranes are present in the frozen or gel state, the binding of calcium is significantly enhanced. We used two independent techniques to demonstrate this unique behavior of calcium. 

Despite the inherent weaknesses of the Poission-Boltzmann (PB) equation that includes neglect of polyion-polyion interactions and the size of mobile ions, it has nevertheless played an important role in elucidating the characteristics of electrostatic interactions and ion atmopshere in nucleic acids [12]. Two salient results have emerged from such an analysis. First, for cylindrical-shaped molecule of infinite length, there is a critical linear charge density beyond which counterion condensation takes place [33, 34]. Second, the phenomenon of counterion condensation takes place in one and two dimensions only [33, 35], An... 

The static and dynamic properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are discussed, in the context of polymers in confined spaces and polymer brushes. A wide range of experimental techniques as applied to these systems are reviewed, and the salient results from these are compared with a mean field thermodynamic model and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. 

The kinetics and mechanism of the formation of molybdenum bronzes was studied in detail and published in a series of three papers by Erre et al. (86-88), who studied the (100) face of Mo03. Pt was added and the sample was exposed to H2 under very low partial pressures (10 8-10-5 Torr), forming monoclinic Hj 6Mo03. The kinetics unexpectedly exhibited three steps (i) activation of H2 by Pt with an increasing rate with time on stream (ii) a kinetic plateau where the rate remained constant and finally (iii) a decrease in the rate of bronze formation. The salient results were that once step (i) starts, Pt is not required for the insertion of hydrogen into the lattice,... 

The effect of a 3-substituent on the orientation of the addition of alkyl- and aryl-lithium compounds is interesting and salient results appear in Table 23. Attack at C-2 is favoured over that at C-6 unless either, or both, the C-3 substituent and the attacking alkyl group are very large. Reaction of isopropyllithium with 3-methylpyridine does not follow this trend. Benzyllithium is anomalous in that it attacks preferentially at C-4. A study of the relative rates of these alkylations revealed the remarkable fact that a 3-methyl or 3-ethyl group activates the 2-position (but not the 6-) towards attack by phenyllithium but not methyllithium. However, a 3-isopropyl and 3-cyclohexyl group deactivates C-2 relative to... 

The foregoing mechanism is amenable to mathematical analysis, with the salient results that during ideal interval II polymerization, the rate of reaction is proportional to and while DP depends on and [1] . (Here [I] is the initiator molar concentration and S is the weight concentration of surfactant.) In conventional solution, suspension, or low-conversion bulk free-radical reactions, the rate of polymerization depends on [1] / while DP is proportional to [I]". In these cases DPp cannot be increased at given [M] without decreasing Rp. In emulsion polymerization, however, both Rp and DP can be changed in parallel by controlling the soap concentration. 

An analysis of multicomponent diffusion in a Loschmidt tube was presented by Arnold and Toor (1967). The salient results of their work are summarized below. 

Among the various natural products, which have been found to possess antiprotozoal activity in humans, quinine (2) and qinghaosu (7) have undergone extensive molecular modifications to obtain better antimalarial drugs. The salient results of these studies are described below. 

The outline of this chapter is as follows The chapter begins with the classical definition of H-bonding. Its importance in molecular clusters, molecular solvation, and biomolecules are also presented in the first section. A brief overview of various experimental and theoretical methods used to characterize the H-bonding is presented in the second section with special emphasis on Bader s theory of AIM [6]. Since AIM theory has been explained in numerous reviews and also in other chapters of this volume, the necessary theoretical background to analyze H-bonding interactions is described here. In the last section, the salient results obtained from AIM calculations for a wide variety of molecular systems are provided. The power of AIM theory in explaining the unified picture of H-bonding interactions in various systems has been presented with examples from our recent work. 

Only a brief outline of the salient results will be given here and the reader is referred to the original literature for details (9,11,13,14). The photochemistry of DBK adsorbed on faujasite zeolites was examined under various conditions. Under all conditions the amount of DBK adsorbed on the zeolites was sufficiently low that only one out of every several supercages would contain a DBK molecule. Controls of various sorts including the results described below provide convincing evidence that essentially all of the observed photochemisffy occurred from species adsorbed on the internal surface of the zeolite. 

The most powerful technique for studying molecular motions in protein-water systems below 0°C is magnetic resonance. Dielectric relaxation measurements can be used, but these measurements are more suitable at higher temperatures in homogenous solutions (13). Recently, the frequency dependence of the mehcanical properties of biopolymers has been shown to yield considerable kinetic information (14). I will limit discussion to the salient results attainable from these techniques. 

A salient result of these studies is that ionization is energetically prohibitive, at least in the gas phase. This finding is consistent with experimental studies that indicate strong acceleration in polar solvents or in the presence of acids that can facilitate ionization. 

Rather thani develop the complete mathematics of these flows here, we simply indicate s ome of the salient results, referring the. reader to other sources, where the complete mathematics are shown. We concentrate on the two types of flow of most practical interest to chemical engineers. 

Investigations have been made of the photodecomposition of thin films of ( 3)2 [95, 96, 120, 121]. In the following discussion the salient results and conclusions of such investigations are presented and compared with those already presented for single crystals. Included is a brief discussion of the structure and perfection of films. The primary emphasis is again on optical studies with only peripheral mention made of the gas-evolution phenomena which are discussed in Section E. 

The most salient results of the experiments of Theibert Devreotes (1983) u-e summarized in fig. 5.24. The dashed curve denotes the imposed variation in extracellular cAMP, while the solid curves relate to the response of the system, in the form of cAMP synthesis. When the... 

Control of Ca oscillations by the stimulus and by extracellular Cci One of the most salient results of the model based on the CICR mechanism is represented in fig. 9.10. There, the temporal evolution of cytosolic is shown at different values of associated with increasing levels of stimulation. In the absence of stimulation, a stable steady state is established, corresponding to a low level of cytosolic Ca (fig. 9.10a). Upon increasing the value of /3, the steady state becomes unstable and oscillations appear, with a frequency that increases with the degree of... 

The salient result is that the filling of d-electron states is an equally important mechanism for inducing magnetism as the reduction of (ce-4f)-hybridization by volume... 

In summary, we note a few salient results obtained on sympathetically cooled molecular ions. 

Pacchioni summarized recently the results of quantum-chemical studies and experiments aimed at characterizing the surfaces of ionic solids such as MgO and related oxides. We present a number of the salient results from this study here. A schematic representation of the MgO surface which displays a surface terrace, step and edge sites and their respective coordination numbers is shown in Fig. 5.7. 

For a complete discussion of the computational details, the reader is referred to Sampson (1981). We review here the salient results of those calculations. 

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