Polyethylene terephthalate table

The Shodex GPC HFIP series is packed with a hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent. Engineered plastics, such as polyamides (nylon) and polyethylene terephthalate, were analyzed previously at a high temperature of about 140°C. Using FIFIP as an eluent, such engineered plastics can be analyzed at ordinary temperatures (Table 6.4). 

Table 7. Full Set of Compliances for the Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Sheet with Orthorhombic Symmetry...

TABLE 2.11 Typical Properties of Unfilled Polyethylene terephthalate) (PET), Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), and Poly(butylene terephthalate (PBT) Solid-State Polyester Resins... 

Chapter 661 of the USP provides criteria for the interchangeability of low- and high-density polyethylene for dry, oral dosage forms. In addition, there are standards for polyethylene terephthalate bottles and polyethylene terephthalate G bottles. USP criteria for interchangeability are listed in Table 17. These criteria allow usage of alternate materials in the same plastic class to be used prior to obtaining prior stability data. 

Once a consumer has purchased a material made of a polymer, the likelihood of it being recycled is dramatically reduced. In the United States there are three resins that are commonly recycled polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, SPI (The Society of the Plastics Industry) recycling codes, found on the bottom of food containers, provide the consumer with information as to the recyclability of the material. Table 17,1 lists these codes. 

Polyethylene terephthalate is most often extruded into films or fibers, or blow molded into bottles. Polybutylene terephthalate is primarily found in injection molded parts. Such parts are highly crystalline, which makes them opaque. Polybutylene terephthalate is often modified with glass fibers or impact modifiers. Table 24.1 contains applications by processing method and resin. 

Table 24.1 Applications of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate by processing method...

Example PET. Let us consider polyethylene terephthalate) (PET, C oHK(h n, Ppet=1-35 g/cm3) of tpET =2 mm thickness and an X-radiation wavelength X= 0.15418 nm (CuKa). We set up a table with one row for each chemical element and sum both the masses and the mass absorption coefficients multiplied by the masses. After normalization to the molecular mass of the PET monomer, 192.17 amu, we find (p/p)pet = 1291.97/192.17 cm2/g a value 6.72 cm2/g. Considering the density ppet we find for the linear absorption coefficient Ppet =... 

Polymerization of esters to produce polyesters is an important commercial process. Polyethylene terephthalate or PET is one of the most common plastics used in food containers (Table 15.4). This ester is formed by the reaction of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (Figure 15.17). PET and other polyesters consist of esters linked together. Notice that both terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol have two carboxyls and two hydroxyls, respectively. When a polyester such as PET is formed, a monomer con-... 

Table 7. Polymerization of vinyl monomers by vibromilling polyethylene terephthalate). Composition change with milling time (33)...

Polycondensation reactions were also carried out using a mixture of ethylene-diamine and adipic acid (55). IR techniques again were used to confirm the polymer composition. The results are summarized on Table 9. The chemistry of polyethylene terephthalate) mechanical polycondensation with diamines proceeds as follows ... 

Most brands of sandwich bags are made of polyethylene terephthalate, and most brands of food wrap are made of polyvinylidene chloride. Look carefully at tbe chemical composition of these polymers, shown in Table 12.5. Which contains larger atoms Which might be involved in stronger dipole-induced dipole interactions with water Need help with these questions Refer back to Sections 6.7 and 7.1. 

The experiments were carried out in an inert medium with liquid condensation agents at 18° 1°C results are presented in Table I. Among the polymers shown in that table, only polyethylene terephthalate was systematically studied. Some informative results, yet to be completed, were collected with the other polymers. 

Table IV contains some comparative data regarding the electrical conductivity of some polychelates based on Fe3+ and Mn2+. The data dealing with electrical conductivity of polychelates, the starting polymers (for polyethylene terephthalate,

Table 8.4 shows clearly how metallization significantly improves the barrier qualities of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) films. 

Whereas UL 94 delivers only a classification based on a pass-and-fail system, LOI can be used to rank and compare the flammability behavior of different materials. In Figure 15.2 the increasing LOI values are presented for different polymers as an example POM = poly(oxymethylene), PEO = poly(ethyl oxide), PMMA = poly(methyl methacrylate), PE = polyethylene), PP, ABS, PS, PET = polyethylene terephthalate), PVA = poly(vinyl alcohol), PBT, PA = poly(amide), PC, PPO = poly(phenylene oxide), PSU, PEEK = poly(ether ether ketone), PAEK = poly(aryl ether ketone), PES, PBI = poly(benzimidazole), PEI = poly(ether imide), PVC = poly(vinyl chloride), PBO = poly(aryl ether benzoxazole), PTFE. The higher the LOI, the better is the intrinsic flame retardancy. Apart from rigid PVC, nearly all commodity and technical polymers are flammable. Only a few high-performance polymers are self-extinguishing. Table 15.1 shows an example of how the LOI is used in the development of flame-retarded materials. The flame retardant red phosphorus (Pred) increases... 

A test set of 6 to 13 aroma compound partition coefficients between different food contact polymers (low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA)) and different food simulant phases (water, ethanol, aqueous ethanol/water mixtures, methanol, 1-propanol) were taken from the literature (Koszinowski and Piringer, 1989, Baner, 1992, Franz, 1990, Koszinowski, 1986, Franz, 1991, Baner, 1993, Piringer, 1992). Table 4-2 shows the test set of 13 different aroma compounds, with their properties and their structures. The experimental data were compared to estimations using different estimation methods of UNIFAC-FV, GCFLORY (1990), GCFLORY (1994) and ELBRO-FV. 

Fig. 19.11A,B presents, as an example, data of drawing series of nylon 6 and polyester filaments (Van der Meer, 1970). The additional data for the polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) are given in Table 19.8 by stretching the Young modulus increases by a factor 8 and the tensile strength by a factor 5.5 (Fig. 19.13).

TABLE 19.8 Stretch series of polyethylene terephthalate) yarns (data from Van der Meer, 1970)... 

Seven families of thermoplastics exceed a billion pounds per year in the United States polyethylenes, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene and its copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and nylon (Table 15.2). 

Polyethylene Terephthalate. PET (Table 15.9) is produced by continuous melt condensation polymerization of ethylene glycol plus terephthalic acid,... 

To estimate thermal stability of obtained polyethylene-terephthalate/layered silieate nanoeomposites the following well-known methods were used thermal gravimetrie analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and melt thermal stability coefficient determination. Results of thermal stability researeh for polyethyleneterephthalate/layered silieate are shown in Table 2. 

The price of baled HDPE with up to 2% impurities has fluctuated from 7-10 cents/lb two years ago to about 30 cents/lb recently. If the plastic used in the pyrolysis process did not require this limit, the cost could be considerably lower. (Unseparated waste plastic can be valued as low as negative 2 cents/lb, which accounts for landfilling cost or tipping fee.) Consequently, the run with HDPE was repeated, except the plastic was 96 wt% HDPE and 4 wt% waste polyethylene terephthalate from soft-drink bottles. Pyrolysis yields are given in Table 13.1, showing a 385°C- - yield, based on plastic, of 42.4 wt%. 

The thermal degradation of PE mixed with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PE only degradation were compared. The presence of small amounts of PET is quite possible with the mixture of PE, PP, and PS, which is generally considered as municipal waste plastics. The yields of product gases, liquids and residues from the degradation of PET and the mixtures of PET and PE in ratios of 1 9 and 2 8 are shown in Table 18.4. Unlike PE or PVC, no liquid products could be obtained from the degradation of PET. The decomposition of PET proceeds with the production of a large amount of pale yellow... 

Unbreakable children s toys are often made of polyethylene, which is synthesized by polymerizing ethene under pressure. Two monomers react to form polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a versatile plastic that is used to make bottles and recording tape. When made into fiber, it is called Dacron. Polyethylene and PET, examples of polymers made by two types of reactions, are shown in Table 23-3. 

Table VI compares the key properties of these two types of thermotropic polymers category by category. The samples compared had the same melting ranges, but were very different in reduced viscosities and solubility characteristics. The data compared were those processed under the most favorable conditions. Interestingly enough, the as-spun fibers from the polyester-carbonate can be heat-treated more efficiently than those fibers (of same tenacity) spun from the polyester. Both of them gave fiber properties far superior to those of nylons and polyethylene terephthalate. These two classes of polymers also had comparative properties (such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, flex modulus, notched Izod impact strength) as plastics and their properties were far superior to most plastics without any reinforcement.

Molecular characterization of the polymers consisted of intrinsic viscosity measurements and size exclusion chromatography. The intrinsic viscosities were measured in a solvent mixture of phenol and o-dichlorobenzene using Cannon-Ubbelhode viscometers. Polyethylene terephthalate equivalent molecular weights were determined using a Waters 244 GPC in a solvent mixture of methylene chloride and hexafluoroisopropanol. The results from NMR, DSC, and molecular characterization are summarized in Table I. Techniques for the dynamic x-ray diffraction studies are described elsewhere (2). 

Evacuated blood tubes may be made of soda-lime or borosflicate glass or plastic (polyethylene terephthalate). Because of the decreased likelihood of breakage and hence exposure to infectious materials, many laboratories have converted from glass tubes to plastic tubes. Tubes made from the soda-lime glass may release trace elements, particularly calcium and magnesium, into solutions. Special tubes are available for trace element determination (Table 2-2). 

From Table I it is clear that polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are much more resistant to y-rays than polypropylene (PP), low density PE (LDPE), poly(oxymethylene) (POM), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(propylene oxide) (PPOx), and somewhat more resistant than poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or 6-6 nylon. A very commonly used plastic, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG), is perhaps the least resistant of all the plastics giving off hydrogen chloride with quite a high G-value when irradiated. 

Table 28. Thermal characteristics of used hexaazocyclanes and initial polyethylene terephthalate...

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