Evacuated blood tube

Collection with Evacuated Blood Tube Evacuated blood tubes are usually considered to be less expensive and more convenient and easier to use than syringes. There are several types of evacuated tubes used for venipuncture collection. They vary by the type of additive... 

TABLE 2-2 Coding of Stopper Color to Indicate Additive in Evacuated Blood Tube ... 

Evacuated blood tubes may be made of soda-lime or borosflicate glass or plastic (polyethylene terephthalate). Because of the decreased likelihood of breakage and hence exposure to infectious materials, many laboratories have converted from glass tubes to plastic tubes. Tubes made from the soda-lime glass may release trace elements, particularly calcium and magnesium, into solutions. Special tubes are available for trace element determination (Table 2-2). 

Stoppers may contain zinc, invalidating the use of evacuated blood tubes for zinc measurement, and TBEP (tris[2-butoxyethyi] phosphate), a constituent of rubber, which may interfere with the measurement of certain drugs. With time, the vacuum in evacuated tubes is lost and their effective draw diminishes. The silicone coating also decays with age. Therefore the stock of these tubes should be rotated and careful attention paid to the expiration date. Problems with evacuated blood tubes also arise when too little blood is collected into the tubes (short draw). Although an incorrect draw is of little consequence when clotted blood is required, a disproportionate ratio of blood to anticoagulant may affect some hematology and other special tests. Therefore some tubes from each batch should be checked for volume of draw before the lot is put in use. 

Collection of specimens for serum Al analysis can be a complicating factor. Most of the common evacuated blood collection devices used in phlebotomy today have rubber stoppers that are made of Al silicate. Puncture of the rubber stopper for blood collection is sufficient to contaminate the sample with Al to produce an abnormal concentration of Al. Typically, blood collected in standard evacuated blood tubes... 

The practice of using aerobic specimens for the measurement of free calcium should be abandoned because of the widespread availability of blood gas analyzers measuring free calcium and the use of evacuated gel tubes by reference laboratories. In the past, specialized free calcium analyzers equilibrated aerobic specimens with a carbon dioxide (5.3 kPa) air mixture to adjust their pH to near 7.4 (7.2-7.6), and then mathematically corrected the free calcium to pH 7.4, using an algorithm relating free calcium and In the event that aerobic free calcium results are corrected to pH 7.4 after equilibration with a mixture of CO2 and air, only the free calcium at pH 7.4 should be reported with appropriate identification. The normalized or adjusted free calcium at pH 7.4 has been reported to accurately reflect the free calcium status of normal persons and individuals without acid-base disturbances. However, aerobic handling of specimens with correction of the free calcium to pH 7.4 has been increasingly criticized. The free calcium value... 

Landt, M., C. H. Smith, and G. L. Hortin. 1993. Evaluation of evacuated blood collection tubes Effects of three types of polymeric separators on therapeutic drug monitoring... 

Voellkopf, U., Paul, M. and Denoyer, E.R. (1992). Analysis of solid samples by ICP-mass spectrometry, Fres. Z. Anal. Chem. 342, 907-916 Wei, S.H.Y. (1973). Enamel microsampling technique for assessing fluoride uptake from topical fluoride treatments in vitro, J. Dent. Res. 52,1268-1272 Williams, D.M. (1979). Trace metal determinations in blood obtained in evacuated collection tubes, Clin. Chim. Acta 99, 23-29... 

Blood is usually collected from the cubital vein using evacuated glass tubes (5 or 10 ml vacutainer tubes)... 

Evacuated Blood Collecting Tubes as Containers for Taking and Storing Gas Samples... 

Modified from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Evacuated Tubes and Additives for Blood Specimen Collection Approved Standard H1-A4. 4th ed. Wayne PA National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1996 and information listed in the Becton Dickinson Web page (http //www.bd.com/). 

The Plasma Preparation Tube (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) is a plastic evacuated tube used for tire collection of venous blood that upon centrifugation separates undiluted plasma for use in molecular diagnostic test methods. 

Thode J. Actual ionized calcium and pH in blood collected in capillary or evacuated tubes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1986 46 89-93. 

Unpack Area (UPA) ACAMS - 203 alanned at maximum reading of 508 TWA and the local ACAMS displayed 2080 TWA. UPA workers were evacuated and monitored out using ACAMS. Blood draws were performed on all potentially exposed workers. Blood draws on workers in dicated no depression of CHE. Once the ACAMS level dropped below the level of quantification. Monitoring Personnel went into the UPA to challenge ACAMS-203 and puU DAAMS tubes. ACAMS-203 alarmed at 0.29 TWA while personnel were in level C protective equipment. DAAMS tubes confirmed for GB Agent at 0.54 TWA. A safety investigation conducted. 

It seems advisable that the laboratory doing the determination should provide the specimen containers this helps to diminish contamination risks. Commercial evacuated tubes may introduce contamination to blood specimens. Although this risk seems smaller if dedicated trace metal brand tubes are used, absence of contamination should be verified before starting use of commercial tubes. 

Blood samples are best obtained in metal-free evacuated tubes containing heparin (without mercury as a preservative). Cells and plasma may be separated in order to determine the mercury distribution between plasma and blood cells and, thus, get a picture of which type of mercury compound the subject has been exposed to. The samples may be stored for a couple of days before significant hemolysis occurs. The samples may be refrigerated at 4°C or frozen until analysis. As the levels in cells and plasma may differ, it is essential to shake whole blood samples before analysis. 

In our experience, the mercury level in blood samples, collected in evacuated tubes, is stable at least one month when stored at room temperature, and for years when refrigerated. However, it is possible that a slight, initial loss may occur at handling of blood samples from subjects who have immediately before been exposed to high levels of Hg(0) vapour (BarregSrd et al., 1992). 

P-C., M, 536.85, m.p. 183 °C (evacuated tube), X ,x (CHQj) 497 and 466 nm, has 2 tenninal P-ionone rings and is optically inactive. Its intense yellow color is due to 11 trans conjugated double bonds. P-C. is the most common C. in plants and is also found in bacteria, fungi and animals (milk, fat, blood, serum, etc). The C. mixture of the carrot contains about 85 % P-C. It is now produced synthetically on a large scale and used as a food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic colorant. 

The animals were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed by exsanguination via heart puncture. Their eyes were enucleated and the anterior segment removed by dissection. The lens was removed and the retina was striped from the choroid with a pair of smooth forceps. Perirenal fat pads, lungs, kidneys, and liver were removed and stored frozen. Whole blood was collected in evacuated tubes containing sodium EDTA. The plasma was separated from the red blood cells (RBC) by centrifugation and both were lyophilized. 

Blood samples are normally collected into an evacuated tube containing preservatives and anticoagulants such as sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate. The collection tube should be 75% or more filled with blood to reduce the risk of any loss of volatiles. It should also be properly sealed, labeled, and stored under refrigeration. If the tube is improperly resealed after analysis or if it is not refrigerated for extended periods of time, volatiles may be lost. 

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