Polychlorinated biphenyls analysis

Coupling of screen-printed electrodes and magnetic beads for rapid and sensitive immunodetection polychlorinated biphenyls analysis in environmental samples... 

Luotamo, M, Jarvisalo J, Aitio A. 1991. Assessment of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls analysis of selected isomers in blood and adipose tissue. Environ Res 54 121-134. 

Focant J-F, Eppe G, Pirard C, De Pauw E (2001) Fast clean-up for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls analysis of high-fat-content biological symples. J Chromat 925, 207-221. 

Kleinhenz, S., Jira, W, and Schwind, K.-H. (2006) Dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl analysis automation and improvement of clean-up established by example of spices. Mol. Nutr Food Res., so (4- 5), 362 -367. 

Solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis is used to determine paraffin wax antioxidants (qv), ie, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and other volatile materials. Trace amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, eg, polychlorinated biphenyls, can be deterrnined by using a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector (22). 

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

A. Glausch, G. P. Blanch and V. Schurig, Enantioselective analysis of chkal polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment samples by multidimensional gas cliromatography-elec-ti on-capture detection after steam distillation-solvent exti action and sulfur removal , J. Chromatogr. 723 399-404 (1996). 

Not all of these isomers are completely separated by the conditions given here, but all arc readily detected by plotting the masses of the molecular ions. Pesticides can interfere with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) analysis. 

Taira K, J Hirose, S Hayashida, K Eurukawa (1992) Analysis of bph operon from the polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading strain of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707. J Biol Chem 267 4844-4853. 

Yadav JS, JF Quensen, JM Tiedje, CA Reddy (1995) Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures (Aro-chlors 1242, 1254, 1260) by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium as evidenced by congener-specific analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 2560-2565. 

An important application of carbon-skeleton gas chromatography is the simplification of the analysis of complex samples such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls and polychloroalkanes [709-711], These complex mixtures of halogenated isomers produce multiple peaks when separated by gas chromatography, making quantitation difficult. The isomers have identical carbon skeletons, resulting in a very simple chromatogram after hydrodechlorination. 

Mangas E, Vaquero MT, Comllas L, Broto-Puig F (1998) Analysis and fate of aliphatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge-amended soils. Chemosphere 36 61-72... 

Oliver, B. G., Niimi, A. J. (1988) Trophodynamic analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 388-397. 

Colenut and Thorburn [51,52] have also described the procedure using gas stripping of the aqueous sample followed by adsorption onto active carbon from which surface they are taken up in an organic solvent for gas chromatographic analysis. They optimized conditions for the determination of parts per billion of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. 

Picer and Picer [357] evaluated the application ofXAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax macroreticular resins for concentrations of chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater prior to analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The solvents that were used eluted not only the chlorinated hydrocarbons of interest but also other electron capture sensitive materials, so that eluates had to be purified. The eluates from the Tenax column were combined and the non-polar phase was separated from the polar phase in a glass separating funnel. Then the polar phase was extracted twice with n-pentane. The -pentane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated to 1 ml and cleaned on an alumina column using a modification of the method described by Holden and Marsden. The eluates were placed on a silica gel column for the separation of PCBs from DDT, its metabolites, and dieldrin using a procedure described by Snyder and Reinert [359] and Picer and Abel [360]. 

Asplund, L., A.-K. Grafstrom, P. Haglund, B. Jansson, U. Jamberg, D. Mace, M. Strandell, and C. de Wit. 1990. Analysis of non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in Swedish dioxin survey samples. Chemosphere 20 1481-1488. 

Ballschmiter K. and M. Zell. 1980. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by glass capillary gas chromatography. Fres. Z. Analyt. Chem. 302 20-31. 

Falandysz, J., N. Yamashita, S. Tanabe, R. Tatsukawa, L. Rucinska, T. Mizera, and B. Jakuczun. 1994a. Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in white-tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus albicilla collected in Poland. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 13-22. 

Kannan, N., S. Tanabe, A. Borrell, A. Aguilar, S. Focardi, and R. Tatsukawa. 1993. Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls in striped dolphins affected by an epizootic in the western Mediterranean Sea. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 227-233. 

Karara, A.H. and V.A. McFarland. 1992. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by golden shiners. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 315-320. 

Safe, S., L. Safe, and M. Mullin. 1985. Polychlorinated biphenyls congener-specific analysis of a commercial mixture and a human milk extract. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 33 24-29. 

Schmidt, L.J. and R.J. Hesselberg. 1992. A mass spectroscopic method for analysis of AHH-inducing and other polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and selected pesticides in fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 37-44. 

Shain, W., S.R. Overmann, L.R. Wilson, J. Kostas, and B. Bush. 1986. A congener analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls accumulating in rat pups after perinatal exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 687-707. 

Procedure 12.7 is an example of a basic approach that has also been used to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and N-, P-, and Cl-containing pesticides before further analysis [25],... 

Goerlitz and Law [59] determined chlorinated insecticides in sediment and bottom material samples, which also contained polychlorobiphenyls by extracting the sample with acetone and hexane. The combined extracts were passed down an alumina column. The first fraction (containing most of the insecticides and some polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes) was eluted with hexane and treated with mercury to precipitate sulphur. If the polychlorinated hydrocarbons interfered with the subsequent gas chromatographic analysis, further purification on a silica gel column was necessary. 

The quantitative environmental analysis of surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs), is complicated by the presence of a multitude of isomers and oligomers in the source mixtures (see Chapter 2). This issue bears many similarities to the quantitation problems that have occurred with halogenated aromatic compound mixtures, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [1]. 

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