Polyaniline nanoparticle composites

G. Neelgund, E. Hrehorova, M. Joyce, and V. Bbznyuk, Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline derivative and silver nanoparticle composites, Polym. Int., 57, 1083 1089 (2008). 

A.P. O Mullane, S.E. Dale, J.V. Macpherson, and P.R. Unwin, Fabrication and electrocata-lytic properties of polyaniline/Pt nanoparticle composites, Chem. Commun., 1606-1607 (2004). 

Figure 14.7 TEM ofPANI hollow spheres produced by chemical polymerization of aniline on polystyrene particles and removal with tetrahydrofuran, and decorated with gold nanoparticles. (Reprinted with permission from Langmuir, Polyaniline / Au composite hollow spheres Synthesis, characterisation, and application to the detection of dopamine by X. M. Feng, C.J. Mao, C. Yang et al., 22, 9, 4384-4389. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society)...

Park, S., Cho, M., Choi, H., 2004. Synthesis and electrical characteristics of polyaniline nanoparticles and their polymeric composite. Curr. Appl. Phys. 4, 581-583. 

Acids can act as dopants for polyaniline therefore, if the nanofibers are first doped with these acids, and subsequently exposed to the metal ions, precipitates should be formed on the surface of the nanofibers, leading to inorganic-polyaniline nanofiber composites. This idea has been applied in Section 7.3.5 to improve the detection of H2S. Another possibility is to use nanofibers as nucleation seeds to collect inorganic nanoparticles from supersaturated solutions [148]. 

Sarma, T.K., and A. Chattopadhyay. 2004. Reversible encapsulation of nanometer-size polyaniline and polyaniline-Au-nanoparticle composite in starch. Langmuir 20 (11) 4733—4737. 

Park, J., et al. 2003. Electrochemical behavior of the polyaniline-organosulfiir composite film containing Ag nanoparticles. J Electrochem Soc 150 A959. 

Crowley K, Morrin A, Hernandez A, O Malley E, Whitten PG, Wallace GG, Smyth MR, KiUard AJ (2008) Eabrication of an ammonia gas sensor using inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticles. Talanta 77(2) 710-717 Curran S, Ajayan PM, Blau W, CartoU DL, Coleman JN, Dalton A, Davey AP, McCarthy B (1998) A composite from poly(m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-diocto3iy-p-phenylenevinylene) and carbon nanotubes a novel material for molecular optoelectronics. Adv Mater 10 1091—1093... 

Hong CH, Ki SJ, Jeon JH et al (2013) Electroactive bio-composite actuators based on cellulose acetate nanoflbers with specially chopped polyaniline nanoparticles through electrospinning. Compos Sci Technol 87 135-141... 

Khan, A., Aldwayyan, A.S., AUioshana, M., Alsalhi, M., 2010. Synthesis by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and characterization of polyaniline/iron oxide nanoparticle composite. Polymer International 59, 1690—1694. 

PP-g-MA) silicate nanocomposites and intercalated thermoset silicate nanocomposites for flame-retardant applications were characterised by XRD and TEM [333], XRD, TEM and FTIR were also used in the study of ID CdS nanoparticle-poly(vinyl acetate) nanorod composites prepared by hydrothermal polymerisation and simultaneous sulfidation [334], The CdS nanoparticles were well dispersed in the polymer nanorods. The intercalation of polyaniline (PANI)-DDBSA (dodecylbenzene-sulfonate) into the galleries of organo-montmorillonite (MMT) was confirmed by XRD, and significantly large 4-spacing expansions (13.3-29.6A) were observed for the nanocomposites [335],... 

The polymer resulting from oxidation of 3,5-dimethyl aniline with palladium was also studied by transmission electron microscopy (Mallick et al. 2005). As it turned out, the polymer was formed in nanofibers. During oxidative polymerization, palladium ions were reduced and formed palladium metal. The generated metal was uniformly dispersed between the polymer nanofibers as nanoparticles of 2 mm size. So, Mallick et al. (2005) achieved a polymer- metal intimate composite material. This work should be juxtaposed to an observation by Newman and Blanchard (2006) that reaction between 4-aminophenol and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate leads to polyaniline (bearing hydroxyl groups) and metallic gold as nanoparticles. Such metal nanoparticles can well be of importance in the field of sensors, catalysis, and electronics with improved performance. 

A different approach was taken by Kumar and associates [61]. Fie also embedded metals in polymers, but used as his precursor the polymer and not the monomer. In his first study a composite material containing amorphous Cu nanoparticles and nanocrystalline CU2O embedded in polyanUine matrices was prepared by a sonochemical method. These composite materials were obtained from the soni-cation of copper (II) acetate when aniline or 1% v/v aniline-water was used as the solvent. Mechanisms for the formation of these products are proposed and discussed. The physical and thermal properties of the as-prepared composite materials are presented. A band gap of 2.61 eV is estimated from optical measurements for the as-prepared CU2O in polyaniline. 

Lee, K. R, Gopalan, A. L, Santhosh, R, Lee, S. H., Nho, Y. C. 2007. Gamma radiation induced distribution of gold nanoparticles into carbon nanotube-polyaniline composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 811-816. 

Results of conductivity studies of s mthesized samples are shown on Fig. 5. As it expected, the highest conductivity observes the polyaniline sample - 17.0x10 S cm (Fig. 5, dot A). The introduction and further increasing of semiconductor TiO -iS nanoparticles content in the composites leads to the exponential decreasing of the conductivity of samples. 

It is expected that the synthesized composites with the high contents of TiO -S, when the thin polyaniline layer deposited on the mineral nanoparticles, will be effective sensitizers in the processes of the photooxidation in consequence of the synergetic effect occurrence rmderthe integration of the properties of 5-doped TiO and polyaniline. 

Y. Ma, N. Li, C. Yang, and X. Yang, One-step synthesis of water-soluble gold nanoparticles/ polyaniline composite an dits application in glucose sensing, Colloids Surf. A, 269,1-6 (2005). 

T. K. Sarma, D. Chowdhury, A. Paul, and A. Chattopadhyay, Synthesis of Au nanoparticle-conductive polyaniline composite using H2O2 as oxidizing as well as reducing agent, Chem. Commun., 1048-1049 (2002). 

Figure 14.9 The application of porous PAN films and composites to the sensing of nitrite. Scale 7 gm (A) Porous film ofpoly(aniline) formed from the in situ electrochemical synthesis in the presence of WO nm polystyrene nanoparticle templates. (B) Enhanced electrocatalysis of concentrations of 50 gM nitrite in 0.7 M HCI at+ 50 mVvs. Ag/AgCI of the nanocomposite film (d) compared to classy carbon (a), pre-treatedglassy carbon (b) and bulk PANI [85]. (Reprinted with permission from Chemistry A European journal, Nanocomposite and nanoporous polyaniline conducting polymers exhibit enhanced catalysis of nitrite reduction by X. Luo, A.j. Killard and M.R. Smyth, 13, 2138-2143. Copyright (2007) Wiley-VCH)...

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