Polyacrylonitrile polyamide

Keywords Cutinase Polyacrylonitrile Polyamide Polyethyleneterphthalate Surface hydrolysis... 

Ethylene carbonate [96-49-1] is soluble in water and organic solvents and solid at room temperature. It is a high boiler that is insoluble in gasoline and turpentine oil. It has a high solvency for polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, glycol terephthalates, and poly(vinyl chloride). Cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetobutyrate only dissolve in the presence of alcohol or esters. Ethylene carbonate is used for polyacrylonitrile spinning solutions. 

The composition of combustion gases from nitrogen-containing plastics (such as polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, polyurethanes, urea and melamine resins) is by no means clear. In most cases, carbon monoxide is accompanied by hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and nitrous gases in the gas mixture. Their concentrations are greatly influenced by the burning conditions. 

These requirements may be satisfied by selecting an appropriate structure and type of fiber for the filter fabric, and by surface treatment. Up until recently, woven cotton, wool fabrics, and felted materials were used extensively in industrial filters. Today, synthetic materials are coming into use. For example, a glass fabric treated with silicones is a good filter material at temperatures of 150-315°C. At lower temperatures (below 150°C), filter fabric materials may be made of Lavsan, Nitron, Kapron, or Khlorin (polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, and chlorinated PVC fibers, respectively). 

Changes in solubility have also been generated by shear for synthetic polymers such as polyoxymethylene [18, 19], poly(vinyl chloride) [20], polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, poly(ethylene terephthalate) [21-23], and various polymer laminates [24]. 

Plastics materials and resins), for example, acrylics, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, alkyds carbohydrate, casein, and cellulose acetate plastics cellulose nitrates elastomers epoxy, ethylene-vinyl acetate, ion exchange, methyl cellulose, methyl methacrylate, nitrocellulose, nylon, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, silicone, urea, resins thermoplastics, thermosets... 

Synthetic and man-made Cellulose Fibers Regenerated cellulose (rayon fabric, cellophane) Polyacrylonitrile, polyamides (aliphatic (nylon), aromatic (aramid) fibers), polyester (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol... 

PyraZolines. l,3-Diphenyl-2-pyia2olines (7) (Table 2) aie obtainable from appiopiiately substituted phenyUiydiazines by the Knoii reaction with either P-chloro- or P-dimethylaminopropiophenones (30,31). They are employed for brightening synthetic fibers such as polyamides, cellulose acetates, and polyacrylonitriles. 

The most common chemical bleaching procedures are hypochlorite bleach for cotton hydrogen peroxide bleach for wool and cotton sodium chlorite bleach for cotton, polyamide, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile and reductive bleaching with dithionite for wool and polyamide. 

The white cell adsorption filter layer is typically of a nonwoven fiber design. The biomaterials of the fiber media are surface modified to obtain an optimal avidity and selectivity for the different blood cells. Materials used include polyesters, eg, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate), cellulose acetate, methacrylate, polyamides, and polyacrylonitrile. Filter materials are not cell specific and do not provide for specific filtration of lymphocytes out of the blood product rather than all leukocytes. 

Other textile fibers include nylon, polyacrylonitrile, and ceUulose acetate (see Fibers, acrylic Fibers, cellulose esters Fibers, polyamide). 

Hydrophobic fibers are difficult to dye with ionic (hydrophilic) dyes. The dyes prefer to remain in the dyebath where they have a lower chemical potential. Therefore nonionic, hydrophobic dyes are used for these fibers. The exceptions to the rule are polyamide and modified polyacrylonitriles and modified polyester where the presence of a limited number of ionic groups in the polymer, or at the end of polymer chains, makes these fibers capable of being dyed by water-soluble dyes. 

Polyacrylonitrile, uses of, 242 Polyalkylation, l- riedel-Crafts reaction and, 556 Polyamide, 818... 

Polydithiazoles Polyoxadiazoles Polyamidines Pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile Polyvinyl isocyanate ladder polymer Polyamide-imide Polysulfone Decompose at 525°C (977°F) soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Decompose at 450-500°C (842-932°F) can be made into fiber or film. Stable to oxidation up to 500°C (932°F) can make flexible elastomer. Stable above 900°C (1625°F) fiber resists abrasion with low tenacity. Soluble polymer that decomposes at 385°C (725°F) prepolymer melts above 405° C (76l.°F). Service temperatures up to 288° C (550°F) amenable to fabrication. Thermoplastic use temperature —102°C (—152°F) to greater than 150° C (302°F) acid and base resistant. 

Membranes UF membranes consist primarily of polymeric structures (polyethersulfone, regenerated cellulose, polysulfone, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, or various fluoropolymers) formed by immersion casting on a web or as a composite on a MF membrane. Hydrophobic polymers are surface-modified to render them hydrophilic and thereby reduce fouling, reduce product losses, and increase flux [Cabasso in Vltrafiltration Membranes and Applications, Cooper (ed.). Plenum Press, New York, 1980]. Some inorganic UF membranes (alumina, glass, zirconia) are available but only find use in corrosive applications due to their high cost. 

Various polymeric materials were tested statically with both gaseous and liquefied mixtures of fluorine and oxygen containing from 50 to 100% of the former. The materials which burned or reacted violently were phenol-formaldehyde resins (Bakelite) polyacrylonitrile-butadiene (Buna N) polyamides (Nylon) polychloroprene (Neoprene) polyethylene polytriflu-oropropylmethylsiloxane (LS63) polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (Tygan) polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (Viton) polyurethane foam. Under dynamic conditions of flow and pressure, the more resistant materials which binned were chlorinated polyethylenes, polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex) polytetraflu-oroethylene (Teflon). 

The proposed model for creep rupture based on the condition of maximum shear strain and the Eyring reduced time model explain the observed relations concerning the lifetime of aramid, polyamide 66 and polyacrylonitrile fibres. However, with increasing temperatures, in particular above 300 °C, chemical degradation of PpPTA also determines the lifetime. Furthermore, the model... 

Hollow-fiber permeators, 26 22 Hollow fibers, 13 389-390 cellulose ester, 26 19 cellulosic, 26 18-20 ion-exchange, 26 15 mechanical considerations and dimensions for, 26 5-7 natural polymer, 26 23 polyacrylonitrile, 26 23 polyamide, 26 21-22 post-treatment of, 26 13-14 preparation of, 26 3 production of, 19 757 with sorbent walls, 26 26 technology of, 26 27 wet spinning of, 25 816, 817-818 Hollow-fiber spinning processes, 26 7-12 Hollow fiber spinning technology,... 

P.Y.110 lends color to polystyrene and styrene containing plastics. It is a suitable candidate for unsaturated polyester and other cast resins, as well as for polyurethane. P.Y.110 is used to an appreciable extent in polypropylene spin dyeing, it is very lightfast in this medium. It is utilized in polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing and sometimes also in polyamide. Its fastness properties, however, especially its lightfastness, do not meet special application conditions (Sec. 1.8.3.8). 

P.B.15 3, like stabilized a-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue, markedly affects the hardening of unsaturated polyester cast resins. The list of applications also includes PUR foam materials, office articles, such as colored pencils, wax crayons, and water colors, as well as spin dyeing of polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, secondary acetate, polyamide, polyester, and viscose. Used in polyester spin dyeing, P.B.15 3 satisfies the thermal requirements of the condensation process (Sec. 1.8.3.8). 1/3 and 1/25 SD samples equal step 7-8 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. Textile fastnesses, such as stability to wet and dry crocking are perfect. 

The nomenclature given for these componnds is a nniversally recognised system for the naming of dyestuffs devised by the Society of Dyers and Colourists as part of their Colour Index (Cl). The Cl Generic Name is made up of the application class, the hne and a nnmber. Acid dyes are nsed on wool and polyamide, direct dyes on cel-lulosic fibres, paper and leather, disperse dyes on polyester fibres, reactive dyes on cellnlosic fibres and basic dyes on polyacrylonitrile and paper. 

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