Induced systemic resistance

R. Hammer.schmidt and J. Kuc, Lignification as a mechanism for induced systemic resistance in cucumber. Physiology of Plant Pathology 20 61 (1982). 

G. Wei, J. W. Kloepper, and S. Tuzun, Induced systemic resistance to cucumber diseases and increased plant growth by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under field conditions. Phytopathology 86 22 (1996). 

Vallad GE, Goodman RM, Systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance in conventional agriculture, Crop Sci 44 1920—1934, 2004. 

Guedes, E., Richmond, S. Kuc, J. (1980). Induced systemic resistance to anthracnose in cucumber as influenced by the location of the inducer inoculation with C. lagenarium and the onset of flowering and fruiting. Physiological and Plant Pathology 17, 229-33. 

Metraux, J.P., Ahl-Goy, P., Staub, Th., Speich, J., Steinemann, A.. Ryals, J. Ward, E. (1991). Induced systemic resistance in cucumber in response to 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid. In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 1, ed. H. Hennecke D.P.S. Verma, pp. 432-9. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Tuzun, S., Rao, N., Voegli, U., Schardl, C. Kuc, J. (1989). Induced systemic resistance to blue mold early induction and accumulation of P-l,3-glucanases, chitinases, and other pathogenesis-related proteins (b-proteins) in immunized tobacco. Phytopathology 79, 979-83. 

In addition to this local resistance, biotic agents may induce systemic resistance. Infection of the first true leaf of cucumber plants with Colletotrichum lagenarium immunized other aerial plant parts against infection by lagenarium, Cladosporium cucumerinum and Pseudomonas lachrymans (16). Bean plants appeared systemically protected against Colletotrichum lindemuthlanum when the first leaf had been inoculated with a non-pathogenic race of this fungus or with... 

Kui, J. (1983) Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants to Diseases Caused by Fungi and Bacteria. In The Dynamics of Host Defense (editors J.A. Bailey and B.J. Deveerall), Academic Press, Australia. 191-221. 

Hoffland, E., Pieterse, C., Bik, L., van Pelt, J.A. Induced systemic resistance in radish is not associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 1995 46 309-320. 

Jetiyanon, K., Tuzun, S., Kloepper J. Lignification, peroxidase and superoxide dismutases as early plant defence reactions associated with PGPR-mediated induced systemic resistance. In, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria present status and future prospects. Kobayashi, K., Homma, Y., Kodama, F., KondoN., Akino, S. eds. OECD Paris, France, 1997 pp. 265-268. 

Tuzun S., Kloepper J.W. Induced systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In Improving Plant Productivity with Rhizosphere Bacteria. Ryder, M.H., Stephens, P.M., Bowen, GD. eds. Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop on PGPR. CSIRO, Division of Soils Adelaide. 1994 pp. 104-109. 

Phytohormones and phytotoxins are two major classes of compounds produced and secreted by microorganisms that act on plants. These will be discussed in another chapter (4.10). Recendy, production of 2,3-butanediol (186) and acetoin (187) by two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was reported. These compounds promote growth of A. thaliana and trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the plant.108 109... 

Initial reaction. In all known cases of effective biotic sensitization of plants reported to date, a critical factor appears to be the necrosis of host cells in the zone of initial infection. However, while non-necrotic infections are ineffective inducers, necrosis per se is not effective in inducing resistance. Injury by abiotic agents such as heat, chemicals, dry ice, or various extracts from plants and microbes does not protect cucumbers against lagenarium (8-10). Infection of tobacco by a wide variety of Peronosporales fungi other than P. tabacina frequently causes severe necrosis, but does not induce systemic resistance against blue mold (Tiizun and Kuc, unpublished). 

Mechanisms of Resistance. The broad spectrum of effectiveness of induced systemic resistance against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes, makes it seem unlikely that only a single resistance mechanism is activated. 

Salicylic acid and its acetyl ester (aspirin) (127-129) and polyacrylic acid (130-132) have been reported to induce systemic resistance against TMV and TNV, in tobacco. The resistance appears similar to that in resistant cultivars. 

A phenotypically similar type of resistance is observed following the colonization of plant roots by selected strains of non-padiogenic Pseudomonas Jluorescens bacteria. This type of Induced resistance is called rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) [7]. 

Pretreatment of the plants with CTS before pathogen infection will result in better plant protection than CTS treatment after pathogen infection. This is accord with the PRIME mechanism in induced systemic resistance of plants. PRIME mechanism has been put forward during the past several years (Conrath et al. 2006) it has been demonstrated that pretreatment of plants with elicitor of systemic resistance leads to the direct activation of a set of defense reactions and also primes the plants for stronger elicitation when it is affected by disease at a later stage. 

Compost is rich in humic substances [25] and beneficial microorganisms [26]. The addition of compost to soil affects disease incidence by means of antagonistic mechanisms [27]. Biological control, based on competition, antibiosis, hyperparasitism and induced systemic resistance in the host plant, have been described for compost-amended substrates [28]. Compost improves the number and functions of nitrogen fixers and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae [29], which have positive effects on the physical properties of soil [30] and improves the organic matter content, contrasting soil desertification [31]. 

LAM 15] Lamdan N.-L., Shalaby S., Ziv T. et al., Secretome of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens co-cultured with maize roots role in induced systemic resistance . Molecular Cellular Proteomics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1054-1063,2015. 

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